Research Project: Control Strategies to Prevent and Respond to Diseases Outbreaks Caused by Avian Influenza Viruses

Location: Exotic & Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

The ACE2 receptor from common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) support attachment and limited infection of SARS CoV-2 viruses in cell culture - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bakre, A.A., Sweeney, R.P., Espinoza, E., Suarez, D.L., Blehert, D.J., Kapczynski, D.R. 2025. The ACE2 receptor from common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) support attachment and limited infection of SARS CoV-2 viruses in cell culture. Virology. 17(4), 507. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17040507.

Evaluation of an N1 NA antibody-specific enzyme-linked lectin assay for detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in vaccinated birds - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ibrahim, S., Spackman, E., Suarez, D.L., Goraichuk, I., Lee, C.W. 2025. Evaluation of an N1 NA antibody-specific enzyme-linked lectin assay for detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in vaccinated birds. Journal of Virological Methods. Journal of Virological Methods 334:115127. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115127.

In silico genomic analysis of avian influenza viruses isolated from marine seal colonies - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Chrzastek, K., Kapczynski, D.R. 2024. In silico genomic analysis of avian influenza viruses isolated from marine seal colonies. Pathogens. 13(11):1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13111009.

The attribution of human seasonal influenza H3N2 virus detection to the collector, not avian sources, during the 2022 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in Pennsylvania, USA-implications for biosafety and biosecurity - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Tewari, D., Sekhwal, M.K., Killian, M.L., Zellers, C., Nicholson, C., Schroder, B., Spackman, E., Hamberg, A. 2024. The attribution of human seasonal influenza H3N2 virus detection to the collector, not avian sources, during the 2022 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in Pennsylvania, USA-implications for biosafety and biosecurity. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2024(4):315-319. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis4040027.

Testing of retail cheese, butter, ice cream and other dairy products for highly pathogenic avian influenza in the United States - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Suarez, D.L., Goraichuk, I.V., Killmaster, L.F., Spackman, E., Clausen, N.J., Colonius, T.J., Leonard, C.L., Metz, M.L. 2024. Testing of retail cheese, butter, ice cream and other dairy products for highly pathogenic avian influenza in the United States. Journal of Food Protection. 88(2025:e100431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100431.

A case study of biosafety considerations and solutions for work with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus with large scale equipment in high biocontainment - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Improved Nanopore Influenza A whole genome sequencing protocol - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Goraichuk, I.V., Risalvato, J., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Suarez, D.L. 2024. Improved Nanopore Influenza A whole genome sequencing protocol. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 14:1497278.. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1497278.

A systematic review of laboratory investigations into the pathogenesis of avian influenza viruses in wild avifauna of North America - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gonnerman, M., Leyson, C., Sullivan, J., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Spackman, E., Mullinax, J., Prosser, D. 2024. A systematic review of laboratory investigations into the pathogenesis of avian influenza viruses in wild avifauna of North America. Proceedings of the Royal Society. B. Biological Sciences. 291(2033):2024. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.1845.

Inactivation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus with high temperature short time continuous flow pasteurization and virus detection in bulk milk tanks - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Spackman, E., Anderson, N., Walker, S., Suarez, D.L., Jones, D.R., Mccoig, A., Colonius, T., Roddy, T., Chaplinski, N.J. 2024. Inactivation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus with high temperature short time continuous flow pasteurization and virus detection in bulk milk tanks. Journal of Food Protection. 87(10):2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100349.

Sequencing of historic samples provide complete coding sequences of chicken calicivirus from the United States - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Goraichuk, I., Davis, J.F., Afonso, C., Suarez, D.L. 2024. Sequencing of historic samples provide complete coding sequences of chicken calicivirus from the United States. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 0:e00777-24. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00777-24.

Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Caserta, L.C., Frye, E.A., Butt, S.L., Laverack, M., Nooruzzaman, M., Covaleda, L.M., Suarez, D.L., Kapczynski, D.R., Dimitrov, K.M., Diel, D.G., Thompson, A.C., Koscielny, M.P., Cronk, B., Johnson, A., Kleinhenz, K., Edwards, E.E., Gomez, G., Hitchener, G., Martins, M., Morris, E.A., Hensley, T., Beeby, J.S., Lejeune, M., Swinford, A.K., Elvinger, F. 2024. Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle. Nature. 634:669–676. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07849-4.

Mass vaccination against H9N2 avian influenza A virus with a non-transmissible, reassortment-impaired modified live attenuated influenza virus vaccine - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Faccin, F., Caceres, J., Gay, C., Seibert, B., Bentem, N., Rodriguez, L., Fraiha, A., Cardenas, M., Geiger, G., Ortiz, L., Carnaccini, S., Kapczynski, D.R., Rajao, D., Perez, D. 2024. Mass vaccination against H9N2 avian influenza A virus with a non-transmissible, reassortment-impaired modified live attenuated influenza virus vaccine. Nature. npj Vaccines 9, 136. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-024-00923-y.

Efficacy of commercial recombinant HVT vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in chickens - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lee, J., Lee, C.W., Suarez, D.L., Lee, S.A., Kim, T.N., Spackman, E. 2024. Efficacy of commercial recombinant HVT vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in chickens. PLOS ONE. 19(7):e307100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307100.

Characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in retail dairy products in the United States - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Spackman, E., Goraichuk, I., Jones, D.R., Colonius, T., Mccoig, A., Suarez, D.L. 2024. Characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in retail dairy products in the United States. Journal of Virology. 98(7). https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00881-24.

Morphologic characterization and cytokine response of chicken bone-marrow derived dendritic cells to infection with high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Mo, J., Segovia, K., Chrzastek, K., Briggs, K., Kapczynski, D.R. 2024. Morphologic characterization and cytokine response of chicken bone-marrow derived dendritic cells to infection with high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus. Frontiers in Immunology. 15:1374838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374838.

Molecular and antigenic evolution of H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses - (Review Article)

The duration of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and Newcastle diseases virus infectivity in dried ornithological study skins - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Spackman, E., Stephens, C., Pusch, E. 2024. The duration of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and Newcastle diseases virus infectivity in dried ornithological study skins. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 60(3):774-778. https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00010.

Genetic insertion of mouse Myxovirus-resistance gene 1 increases innate resistance against both high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus by significantly decreasing replication in chicken DF1 cell line - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Briggs, K., Chrzastek, K., Segovia, K., Mo, J., Kapczynski, D.R. 2024. Genetic insertion of mouse Myxovirus-resistance gene 1 increases innate resistance against both high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus by significantly decreasing replication in chicken DF1 cell line. Virology. 595(2024):110066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2024.110066.

Unraveling frontiers in poultry health (part 1) – Mitigating economically important viral and bacterial diseases in commercial chicken and turkey production - (Review Article)
Fasina, Y.O., Suarez, D.L., Ritter, G.D., Gerken, E.C., Farnell, Y.Z., Wolfenden, R., Hargis, B. 2024. Unraveling frontiers in poultry health (part 1) – Mitigating economically important viral and bacterial diseases in commercial chicken and turkey production. Poultry Science. 103(4). Article 103500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103500.

Efficacy of recombinant H5 vaccines delivered in ovo or day of age in commercial broilers against the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4c highly pathogenic avian influenza virus - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Kapczynski, D.R., Chrzastek, K., Shanmugasundaram, R., Zsak, A., Segovia, K., Sellers, H., Suarez, D.L. 2023. Efficacy of recombinant H5 vaccines delivered in ovo or day of age in commercial broilers against the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4c highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Virology Journal. 20(1):298. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-023-02254-1.

Pathogenicity in chickens and turkeys of a 2021 United States H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b wild bird virus compared to two previous H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Spackman, E., Leyson, C., Youk, S., Lee, S.A., Moon, L.M., Torchetti, M.K., Killian, M.L., Lenoch, J.B., Kapczynski, D.R., Swayne, D.E., Suarez, D.L. 2023. Pathogenicity in chickens and turkeys of a 2021 United States H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b wild bird virus compared to two previous H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses. Viruses. 15(11):2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112273.

Efficacy of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Spackman, E., Suarez, D.L., Lee, C.W., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Lee, S.A., Youk, S., Ibrahim, S. 2023. Efficacy of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vaccine. 41(49):7369-7376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.070.

Diversity and complexity of internally deleted viral genomes in influenza A virus subpopulations with enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ghorbani, A., Ngunjiri, J.M., Rendon, G., Brooke, C.B., Kenney, S.P., Lee, C.W. 2023. Diversity and complexity of internally deleted viral genomes in influenza A virus subpopulations with enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes. Viruses. 15(10):2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102107.

Comparative analysis of PB2 residue 627E/K/V in H5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses isolated from birds and mammals - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Briggs, K., Kapczynski, D.R. 2023. Comparative analysis of PB2 residue 627E/K/V in H5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses isolated from birds and mammals. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1250952.

Discovery of Influenza A(H7N2) in a cat after admission to an animal shelter: A case report - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Roberts, E., Allen, C., Brennen, R., Swartz, A., Dines, B., Cigel, F., Killian, M.L., Crossley, B., Suarez, D.L., Torchetti, M., Watson, C., Slavinsky, S., Toohey-Kurth, K., Newbury, S. 2023. Discovery of Influenza A(H7N2) in a cat after admission to an animal shelter: A case report. Journal of Shelter Medicine and Community Animal Health. 2(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.56771/jsmcah.v2.61.

H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b in wild and domestic birds: introductions into the United States and reassortments, December 2021-April 2022 - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Youk, S., Torchetti, M.K., Lantz, K., Lenoch, J.B., Killian, M.L., Leyson, C., Bevins, S.N., Dilione, K., Ip, H.S., Stallknecht, D.E., Poulson, R.L., Suarez, D.L., Swayne, D.E., Pantin Jackwood, M.J. 2023. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b in wild and domestic birds: introductions into the United States and reassortments, December 2021-April 2022. Virology. 587. Article 109860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2023.109860.

Prediction of highly pathogenic avian influenza vaccine efficacy in chickens by comparison of in vitro and in vivo data: a meta-analysis and systematic review - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Mo, J., Spackman, E., Swayne, D.E. 2023. Prediction of highly pathogenic avian influenza vaccine efficacy in chickens by comparison of in vitro and in vivo data: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Vaccine. 41(38):5507-5517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.076.

SARS-CoV-2 utilization of ACE2 from different bat species allows for virus entry and replication in vitro - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Briggs, K., Sweeney, R.P., Blehert, D.S., Spackman, E., Suarez, D.L., Kapczynski, D.R. 2023. SARS-CoV-2 utilization of ACE2 from different bat species allows for virus entry and replication in vitro. Virology. 586:122-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2023.07.002.

A review of the stability of avian influenza virus in materials from poultry farms - (Review Article)
Spackman, E. 2023. A review of the stability of avian influenza virus in materials from poultry farms. Avian Diseases. 67(3):229-236. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00027.

Diverse infectivity, transmissibility and pathobiology of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Kwon, J., Bertran, K., Lee, D., Criado, M.F., Killmaster, L.F., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Swayne, D.E. 2023. Diverse infectivity, transmissibility and pathobiology of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 12:2218945. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2023.2218945.

Efficacy of multivalent recombinant herpesvirus of turkey vaccines against high pathogenicity avian influenza, infectious bursal disease, and Newcastle disease viruses - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Criado, M.F., Kassa, A., Bertran, K., Kwon, J., Sa E Silva, M., Killmaster, L.F., Ross, T.M., Mebatsion, T., Swayne, D.E. 2023. Efficacy of multivalent recombinant herpesvirus of turkey vaccines against high pathogenicity avian influenza, infectious bursal disease, and Newcastle disease viruses. Vaccine. 41(18):2893-2904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.055.

The pathogenesis of a 2022 North American highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 avian influenza in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Spackman, E., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Lee, S.A., Prosser, D. 2023. The pathogenesis of a 2022 North American highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 avian influenza in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Avian Pathology. 52(3):219-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2023.2196258.

Development of in ovo-compatible NS1-truncated live attenuated influenza vaccines by modulation of hemagglutinin cleavage and polymerase acidic x frameshifting sites - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ghorbani, A., Ngunjiri, J.M., Abundo, M.C., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Kenney, S.P., Lee, C.W. 2023. Development of in ovo-compatible NS1-truncated live attenuated influenza vaccines by modulation of hemagglutinin cleavage and polymerase acidic x frameshifting sites. Vaccine. 41(11):1848-1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.018.

Comparable outcomes from long and short read random sequencing of total RNA for detection of pathogens in chicken respiratory samples - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Butt, S.L., Kariithi, H.M., Volkening, J.D., Taylor, T.L., Leyson, C., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Suarez, D.L., Stanton, J.B., Afonso, C.L. 2022. Comparable outcomes from long and short read random sequencing of total RNA for detection of pathogens in chicken respiratory samples. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 9:1073919. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1073919.

Analysis of the immune response and identification of antibody epitopes against the sigma C protein of avian orthoreovirus following immunization with live or inactivated vaccines - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Dawe, W.H., Kapczynski, D.R., Linnemann, E.G., Gauthiersloan, V., Sellers, H. 2023. Analysis of the immune response and identification of antibody epitopes against the sigma C protein of avian orthoreovirus following immunization with live or inactivated vaccines. Avian Diseases. 66(4): 465-475. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99992.

A universal, single-primer amplification protocol to perform whole-genome sequencing of segmented dsRNA avian orthoreoviruses - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Chrzastek, K., Sellers, H.S., Kapczynski, D.R. 2023. A universal, single-primer amplification protocol to perform whole-genome sequencing of segmented dsRNA avian orthoreoviruses. Avian Diseases. 66(4):479-485. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99999.

Zoonotic potential of influenza A viruses of poultry and other avian species - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Spackman, E., Swayne, D.E. 2022. Zoonotic potential of influenza A viruses of poultry and other avian species. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Issue Paper. SP33:23-25.

Low pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza viruses have higher within-host genetic diversity than a closely related high pathogenicity H7N3 virus in infected turkeys and chickens - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Leyson, C.M., Criado, M.F., Youk, S., Pantin Jackwood, M.J. 2022. Low pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza viruses have higher within-host genetic diversity than a closely related high pathogenicity H7N3 virus in infected turkeys and chickens. Viruses. 14(3):554. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030554.

Phylogenetic analysis, molecular changes, and adaptation to chickens of Mexican lineage H5N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses from 1994 to 2019 - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Youk, S., Leyson, C., Parris, D., Kariithi, H., Suarez, D.L., Pantin Jackwood, M.J. 2022. Phylogenetic analysis, molecular changes, and adaptation to chickens of Mexican lineage H5N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses from 1994 to 2019. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14476.

Diverse single-stranded DNA viruses identified in chicken buccal swabs - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Chrzastek, K., Kraberger, S., Schmidlin, K., Fontenele, R.S., Kulkarni, A., Chappell, L., Dufor-Zavala, L., Kapczynski, D.R., Varsani, A. 2021. Diverse single-stranded DNA viruses identified in chicken buccal swabs. Microorganisms. 9(12):2602. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122602.

Optimizing sample collection methods for detection of respiratory viruses in poultry housing environments - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Mo, J., Stephens, C.B., Jordan, B., Ritz, C., Swayne, D.E., Spackman, E. 2022. Optimizing sample collection methods for detection of respiratory viruses in poultry housing environments. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14547.