Research Project: Integrated Water and Nutrient Management Systems for Sustainable and High-Quality Production of Temperate Fruit and Nursery Crops

Location: Horticultural Crops Research Unit

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

Ion-specific limitations of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal colonization in northern and southern highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bryla, D.R., Scagel, C.F., Lukas, S.B., Sullivan, D.M. 2021. Ion-specific limitations of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal colonization in northern and southern highbush blueberry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 146(6):399-410. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05084-21.

Thermal cooling with sprinklers or microsprinklers reduces heat damage and improves fruit quality in northern highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Yang, F., Bryla, D.R., Orr, S.T., Strik, B.C., Zhao, Y. 2020. Thermal cooling with sprinklers or microsprinklers reduces heat damage and improves fruit quality in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 55(8):1365-1371. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15119-20.

Influence of perlite in peat- and coir-based media on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition of highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Kingston, P.H., Scagel, C.F., Bryla, D.R., Strik, B.C. 2020. Influence of perlite in peat- and coir-based media on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition of highbush blueberry. HortScience. 55(5):658-663. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14640-19.

Stomatal conductance and its relation to calcium accumulation in fruit of northern highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Yang, F., Devetter, L.W., Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2020. Stomatal conductance and its relation to calcium accumulation in fruit of northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 55(1):96-102. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14482-19.

Critical temperatures and heating times for fruit damage in northern highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Yang, F., Bryla, D.R., Strik, B.C. 2019. Critical temperatures and heating times for fruit damage in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 54(12):2213-2239. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14427-19.

Fungal facilitation in rangelands: do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate resilience and resistance in sagebrush steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hovland, M., Mata-González, R., Schreiner, R.P., Rodhouse, T.J. 2019. Fungal facilitation in rangelands: do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate resilience and resistance in sagebrush steppe. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 72(4):678-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2019.02.004.

Benefits of using liquid sources of potassium fertilizer in northern highbush blueberry - (Proceedings)
Bryla, D.R., Leon, D., Orr, S.T. 2019. Benefits of using liquid sources of potassium fertilizer in northern highbush blueberry. Symposium Proceedings from North American Blueberry Research and Extension Workers Conference in Orono, Maine from August 12-15, 2018.

Developing a model system to identify main mechanisms involved in nitrogen growth responses of grafted grapevines - (Proceedings)

Effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation frequency on plant growth and nutrient uptake of hydrangea using traditional and sustainable alternative containers - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Li, T., Bi, G., Harkess, R., Denny, G., Scagel, C.F. 2019. Effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation frequency on plant growth and nutrient uptake of hydrangea using traditional and sustainable alternative containers. HortScience. 54(1):167–174. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13513-18.

Salinity from NaCl changes the nutrient and polyphenolic composition of basil leaves - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Scagel, C.F., Lee, J., Mitchell, J.N. 2019. Salinity from NaCl changes the nutrient and polyphenolic composition of basil leaves. Industrial Crops and Products. 127:119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.048.

Root and mycorrhizal fungal foraging responses to fruit removal in apple trees - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lavely, E.K., Zhang, J., Adams, T.S., Bryla, D.R., Deforest, J.L., Marini, R.P., Crassweller, R., Eissenstat, D.M. 2018. Root and mycorrhizal fungal foraging responses to fruit removal in apple trees. Plant and Soil. 146(1-2):401-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3773-8.

Potassium fertigation and organic acids: Improving soil and plant nutrition in highbush blueberry - (Trade Journal)
Bryla, D.R., Orr, S.T., Leon, D. 2018. Potassium fertigation and organic acids: Improving soil and plant nutrition in highbush blueberry. Fluid Journal. 26(3):8-14.

Variation in disease severity caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. plurivora, and Pythium cryptoirregulare on two rhododendron cultivars - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Weiland, G.E., Scagel, C.F., Grunwald, N.J., Davis, E.A., Beck, B.R. 2018. Variation in disease severity caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. plurivora, and Pythium cryptoirregulare on two rhododendron cultivars. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-18-0666-RE.

Effects of soil NPK supply on Pinot Noir wine phenolics and aroma composition - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Yuan, F., Schreiner, R.P., Osborne, J., Qian, M. 2018. Effects of soil NPK supply on Pinot Noir wine phenolics and aroma composition. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 69(4):371-385. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2018.17077.

Defining phosphorus requirements for Pinot noir grapevines - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Schreiner, R.P., Osborne, J. 2018. Defining phosphorus requirements for Pinot noir grapevines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 69(4):351-359. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2018.18016.

Stomatal functioning and its influence on calcium accumulation during fruit development in northern highbush blueberry - (Abstract Only)
Yang, F., Devetter, L.W., Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2019. Stomatal functioning and its influence on calcium accumulation during fruit development in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 53(9):S50-S51.

Effects of amending soil with biochar on plant growth, mycorrhizal colonization, and phytophthora root rot in northern highbush blueberry - (Abstract Only)
Sales, B.K., Bryla, D.R., Trippe, K.M., Weiland, G.E., Scagel, C.F. 2019. Effects of amending soil with biochar on plant growth, mycorrhizal colonization, and phytophthora root rot in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 53(9):S51.

Soil nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium alter ß-Damascenone and other volatiles in Pinot noir berries - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Yuan, F., Schreiner, R.P., Qian, M. 2018. Soil nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium alter ß-Damascenone and other volatiles in Pinot noir berries. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 69:157-166. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2017.17071.

Suitability of sphagnum moss, coir, and douglas fir bark as soilless substrates for container production of highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Kingston, P.H., Scagel, C.F., Bryla, D.R., Strik, B. 2017. Suitability of sphagnum moss, coir, and douglas fir bark as soilless substrates for container production of highbush blueberry. HortScience. 52(12):1692-1699. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12374-17.

Comparing methods for inducing root rot of Rhododendron with Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. plurivora - (Abstract Only)
Mestas, A., Weiland, G.E., Beck, B.R., Davis, E.A., Grunwald, N.J., Scagel, C.F. 2017. Comparing methods for inducing root rot of Rhododendron with Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. plurivora [abstract]. Phytopathology. 107:S5.189. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-107-12-S5.180.

Nitrogen requirements of Pinot noir based on growth parameters, must composition, and fermentation behavior - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Schreiner, R.P., Osborne, J., Skinkis, P. 2018. Nitrogen requirements of Pinot noir based on growth parameters, must composition, and fermentation behavior. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 69:45-58. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2017.17043.

Chemigation with micronized sulfur rapidly reduces soil pH in northern highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Almutairi, K.F., Machado, R.M., Bryla, D.R., Strik, B.C. 2017. Chemigation with micronized sulfur rapidly reduces soil pH in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 52(10):1413-1418. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12313-17.

Organic production systems in northern highbush blueberry: I. Impact of planting method, cultivar, fertilizer, and mulch on yield and fruit quality from planting through maturity - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Strik, B.C., Vance, A., Bryla, D.R., Sullivan, D.M. 2017. Organic production systems in northern highbush blueberry: I. Impact of planting method, cultivar, fertilizer, and mulch on yield and fruit quality from planting through maturity. HortScience. 52(9):1201-1213. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12179-17.

Potassium fertigation in highbush blueberry increases availability of K and other nutrients in the root zone - (Trade Journal)
Bryla, D.R., Orr, S.T. 2017. Potassium fertigation in highbush blueberry increases availability of K and other nutrients in the root zone. Fluid Journal. 25(3):5-9.

Use of humic products for production of berry crops - (Abstract Only)
Bryla, D.R., Devetter, L.W. 2017. Use of humic products for production of berry crops. Meeting abstract for American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America International Annual Meeting 10/22/17-10/25/17 in Tampa, FL. Session 341-4.

Comparison between fertigation and granular application of potassium fertilizer on mineral nutrition, yield, and fruit quality in northern highbush blueberry - (Abstract Only)
Bryla, D.R., Orr, S.T. 2017. Comparison between fertigation and granular application of potassium fertilizer on mineral nutrition, yield, and fruit quality in northern highbush blueberry. Hortscience Proceedings. 52(9):S247-S248.

Evaluation of critical temperatures for heat damage in northern highbush blueberry - (Abstract Only)
Yang, F., Bryla, D.R. 2017. Evaluation of critical temperatures for heat damage in northern highbush blueberry. Hortscience Proceedings. 52(9):S162.

Irrigation affects severity of root rot caused by Phythophthora plurivora and P. cinnamomi on rhododendron - (Abstract Only)
Scagel, C.F., Weiland, G.E., Grunwald, N.J., Davis, E.A., Beck, B.R., Mitchell, J.N. 2017. Irrigation affects severity of root rot caused by Phythophthora plurivora and P. cinnamomi on rhododendron. Abstract for American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference; Sept 19-22; Waikoloa, HI.

Specialty fruit production in the Pacific Northwest: Adaptation strategies for a changing climate - (Review Article)
Houston, L.L., Capalbo, S., Seavert, C., Dalton, M., Bryla, D.R., Sagili, R. 2018. Specialty fruit production in the Pacific Northwest: Adaptation strategies for a changing climate. Climatic Change. 146(1-2):159-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1951-y.

Potential of deficit irrigation, irrigation cut-offs, and crop thinning to maintain yield and fruit quality with less water in northern highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Alumtairi, K., Bryla, D.R., Strik, B.C. 2017. Potential of deficit irrigation, irrigation cut-offs, and crop thinning to maintain yield and fruit quality with less water in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 52(4):625-633. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI11533-16.

Root production, distribution, and turnover in conventional and organic northern highbush blueberry systems - (Proceedings)
Bryla, D.R., Valenzuela-Estrada, L.R., Vargas, O.L. 2017. Root production, distribution, and turnover in conventional and organic northern highbush blueberry systems. Acta Horticulturae. 1180:169-176.

Arbuscule frequency in grapevine roots is more responsive to reduction in photosynthetic capacity than to increased levels of shoot phosphorus - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Schreiner, R.P., Scagel, C.F. 2016. Arbuscule frequency in grapevine roots is more responsive to reduction in photosynthetic capacity than to increased levels of shoot phosphorus. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 141(2):151-161.

Leaf blade versus petiole nutrient tests as predictors of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium status of ‘Pinot noir’ grapevines - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Schreiner, R.P., Scagel, C.F. 2017. Leaf blade versus petiole nutrient tests as predictors of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium status of ‘Pinot noir’ grapevines. HortScience. 52(1):174–184. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI11405-16.

Comparing vegetative propagation of two ‘Schipkaensis’ common cherrylaurel ploidy levels - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Schulze, J.A., Contreras, R.N., Scagel, C.F. 2017. Comparing vegetative propagation of two ‘Schipkaensis’ common cherrylaurel ploidy levels. HortTechnology. 27(1):69-72. doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH03600-16.

Salt exclusion and mycorrhizal symbiosis increase tolerance to NaCl and CaCl2 salinity in ‘Siam Queen’ basil - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Scagel, C.F., Bryla, D.R., Lee, J. 2017. Salt exclusion and mycorrhizal symbiosis increase tolerance to NaCl and CaCl2 salinity in ‘Siam Queen’ basil. HortScience. 52(2):278-287. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI11256-16.

A comparison between fertigation and granular fertilizer applications on yield and leaf nitrogen in red raspberry - (Proceedings)
Bryla, D.R. 2016. A comparison between fertigation and granular fertilizer applications on yield and leaf nitrogen in red raspberry. Acta Horticulturae. 1133:527-531.

Nutrient uptake and distribution in young Pinot noir grapevines over two seasons - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Schreiner, R.P. 2016. Nutrient uptake and distribution in young Pinot noir grapevines over two seasons. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 67:436-448. doi: 10.5344/ajev.2016.16019.

Suitable sources of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer for fertigation of northern highbush blueberry - (Abstract Only)
Bryla, D.R. 2016. Suitable sources of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer for fertigation of northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 51(9):S329-S330.

Evaporative cooling with sprinklers to reduce heat-related fruit damage in northern highbush blueberry - (Abstract Only)
Yang, F., Bryla, D.R. 2016. Evaporative cooling with sprinklers to reduce heat-related fruit damage in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 51(9):S331.

Effects of substrate type on plant growth and nitrogen and nitrate concentration in spinach - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Barcelos, C., Machado, R.M., Alves-Pereira, I., Ferreira, R., Bryla, D.R. 2016. Effects of substrate type on plant growth and nitrogen and nitrate concentration in spinach. International Journal of Plant Biology. 7(1):44-47. doi: 10.4081/pb.2016.6325.

Evaluation of potting media for soilless cultivation of southern highbush blueberry - (Abstract Only)

Weed management, training, and irrigation practices for organic production of trailing blackberry: II. Soil and plant nutrient concentrations - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Dixon, E.K., Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2016. Weed management, training, and irrigation practices for organic production of trailing blackberry: II. Soil and plant nutrient concentrations. HortScience. 51(1):36–50.

Weed management, training, and irrigation practices for organic production of trailing blackberry: III. Accumulation and removal of aboveground biomass, carbon, and nutrients - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Dixon, E.K., Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2016. Weed management, training, and irrigation practices for organic production of trailing blackberry: III. Accumulation and removal of aboveground biomass, carbon, and nutrients. HortScience. 51(1):51-66.

Effects of geotextile landscape fabric on soil nutrient availability in an organic planting of ‘Marion’ trailing blackberry - (Abstract Only)
Valenzuela-Estrada, L.R., Bryla, D.R., Strik, B. 2015. Effects of geotextile landscape fabric on soil nutrient availability in an organic planting of ‘Marion’ trailing blackberry. Proceedings of International Rubus Ribes Symposium; June 21-24; Ashville, NC. p. 57-58.

Nitrogen requirements at bulb initiation for production of intermediate-day onions - (Proceedings)
Machado, R.M., Bryla, D.R. 2016. Nitrogen requirements at bulb initiation for production of intermediate-day onions. Acta Horticulturae. 1142:67-73.

Uptake and partitioning of nutrients in blackberry and raspberry and evaluating plant nutrient status for accurate assessment of fertilizer requirements - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2015. Uptake and partitioning of nutrients in blackberry and raspberry and evaluating plant nutrient status for accurate assessment of fertilizer requirements. HortTechnology. 25(4):452-459.

Nutrient requirements, leaf tissue standards, and new options for fertigation of northern highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bryla, D.R., Strik, B.C. 2015. Nutrient requirements, leaf tissue standards, and new options for fertigation of northern highbush blueberry. HortTechnology. 25(4):464-470.

Weed management, training, and irrigation practices for organic production of trailing blackberry: I. Mature plant growth and fruit production - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Dixon, E.K., Strik, B.C., Valenzuela-Estrada, L.R., Bryla, D.R. 2015. Weed management, training, and irrigation practices for organic production of trailing blackberry: I. Mature plant growth and fruit production. HortScience. 50(8):1165-1177.

Root production, distribution, and turnover in conventional and organic northern highbush blueberry systems - (Abstract Only)
Valenzuela-Estrada, L.R., Vargas, O.L., Bryla, D.R. 2015. Root production, distribution, and turnover in conventional and organic northern highbush blueberry systems. HortScience. Abstract 70.

Strategies for maintaining fruit quality in northern highbush blueberry under water limited conditions: Deficit irrigation and reduced crop loads - (Abstract Only)
Almutairi, K., Bryla, D.R., Strik, B.C. 2015. Strategies for maintaining fruit quality in northern highbush blueberry under water limited conditions: Deficit irrigation and reduced crop loads. HortScience. 50(9):S122 [Abstract].

Response of blackberry cultivars to fertilizer source during establishment in an organic fresh market production system - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Fernandez-Salvador, J., Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2015. Response of blackberry cultivars to fertilizer source during establishment in an organic fresh market production system. HortTechnology. 25(3):277-292.

Irrigation and fertigation with drip and alternative micro irrigation systems in northern highbush blueberry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Vargas, O., Bryla, D.R., Weiland, G.E., Strik, B.C., Sun, L. 2015. Irrigation and fertigation with drip and alternative micro irrigation systems in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 50(6):897-903.

On-farm irrigatrion system design and operation - (Proceedings)
Bryla, D.R. 2015. On-farm irrigatrion system design and operation. Proceedings from OSU Blueberry School; 2015 March 16-17; Corvallis, OR. p. 53-56.

Irrigation scheduling: When, where, and how much? - (Proceedings)
Bryla, D.R. 2015. Irrigation scheduling: When, where, and how much? Proceedings from OSU Blueberry School; 2015 March 16-17; Corvallis, OR. p. 63-68.

Nutrient management of blueberry – Assessing plant nutrient needs and designing good fertilizer programs - (Proceedings)
Strik, B., Bryla, D.R. 2015. Nutrient management of blueberry – Assessing plant nutrient needs and designing good fertilizer programs. Proceedings from OSU Blueberry School; 2015 March 16-17; Corvallis, OR. p. 79-94.

Organic production systems research in blueberry and blackberry – A review of industry-driven studies - (Proceedings)
Strik, B.C., Vance, A., Bryla, D.R. 2016. Organic production systems research in blueberry and blackberry – A review of industry-driven studies. Acta Horticulturae. 1117:139-148. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1117.23.

Growth and fruit production of highbush blueberry fertilized with ammonium sulfate and urea applied by fertigation or as granular fertilizer - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Vargas, O., Bryla, D.R. 2015. Growth and fruit production of highbush blueberry fertilized with ammonium sulfate and urea applied by fertigation or as granular fertilizer. HortScience. 50(3):479-485.

Age-related changes in responses of highbush blueberry plants to drip irrigation - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ehret, D.L., Frey, B., Forge, T., Helmer, T., Bryla, D.R. 2015. Age-related changes in responses of highbush blueberry plants to drip irrigation. HortScience. 50(3):486-490.

Effect of fertilization and irrigation on nursery production of hydrangea using alternative containers - (Abstract Only)
Li, T., Bi, G., Scagel, C.F., Harkess, R.L. 2015. Effect of fertilization and irrigation on nursery production of hydrangea using alternative containers. HortScience. 50(9):S27.

Liquid corn and fish fertilizers are good options for fertigation in blackberry cultivars grown in an organic production system - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Fernandez-Salvador, J., Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2015. Liquid corn and fish fertilizers are good options for fertigation in blackberry cultivars grown in an organic production system. HortScience. 50(2):225-233.

Effects of post-véraison water deficit on 'Pinot noir' yield and nutrient status in leaves, clusters, and musts - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Schreiner, R.P., Lee, J. 2014. Effects of post-véraison water deficit on 'Pinot noir' yield and nutrient status in leaves, clusters, and musts. HortScience. 49:(10)1335-1340.

Effect of nitrogen rate and irrigation frequency on plant growth and nutrient uptake of container-grown Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Merritt’s Supreme’ - (Proceedings)
Li, T., Bi, G., Scagel, C.F., Harkess, R.L., Denny, G.C. 2014. Effect of nitrogen rate and irrigation frequency on plant growth and nutrient uptake of container-grown Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Merritt’s Supreme’. In: Southern Nursery Association Conference, July 21-23, 2014, Atlanta Georgia. 59:32-36.

Fertilizer and soil management practices for improving the efficiency of nutrient uptake and use in northern highbush blueberry - (Abstract Only)
Bryla, D.R., Strik, B.C. 2014. Fertilizer and soil management practices for improving the efficiency of nutrient uptake and use in northern highbush blueberry. HortScience. 49(9):S60 [Abstract].

Uptake and partitioning of nutrients in blackberry and raspberry and evaluating plant nutrient status for accurate assessment of fertilizer requirements - (Abstract Only)
Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2014. Uptake and partitioning of nutrients in blackberry and raspberry and evaluating plant nutrient status for accurate assessment of fertilizer requirements. HortScience. 49(9):S59 [Abstract].

Impact of liquid fertilizers on plant growth, yield, fruit quality and fertigation management in an organic processing blackberry production system - (Abstract Only)
Fernandez-Salvador, J., Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2014. Impact of liquid fertilizers on plant growth, yield, fruit quality and fertigation management in an organic processing blackberry production system. HortScience. 49(9):S215.

Response of blackberry cultivars to fertilizer source in an organic fresh market production system - (Abstract Only)
Fernandez-Salvador, J., Strik, B.C., Bryla, D.R. 2014. Response of blackberry cultivars to fertilizer source in an organic fresh market production system. HortScience. 49(9):S277.

Does position in the canopy affect fruit bud and berry development in highbush blueberry? - (Abstract Only)
Almutairi, K., Strik, B., Bryla, D.R. 2014. Does position in the canopy affect fruit bud and berry development in highbush blueberry?. HortScience. 49(9):S214.

Irrigation frequency during container production alters rhododendron growth, nutrient uptake, and flowering after transplanting into a landscape - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Scagel, C.F., Bi, G., Bryla, D.R., Fuchigami, L.H., Regan, R.P. 2014. Irrigation frequency during container production alters rhododendron growth, nutrient uptake, and flowering after transplanting into a landscape. HortScience. 49(7):955-960.