Research Project: Intervention Strategies to Respond, Control, and Eradicate Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV)

Location: Foreign Animal Disease Research

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

Foot-and-mouth disease reproduction number: A scoping review - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gunasekera, U., Vanderwaal, K., Arzt, J., Perez, A. 2025. Foot-and-mouth disease reproduction number: A scoping review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1576974.

Epidemiology and economics of foot-and-mouth disease: Current understanding and knowledge gaps - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Humphreys Jr, J.M., Stenfeldt, C., King, D.P., Knight-Jones, T., Perez, A., Vanderwaal, K., Sanderson, M.W., Di Nardo, A., Temesgen, W., Pamornchainavakul, N., Arzt, J. 2025. Epidemiology and economics of foot-and-mouth disease: Current understanding and knowledge gaps. Veterinary Research. 56. Article 141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-025-01561-5.

The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus: Current understandings and knowledge gaps - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Stenfeldt, C., Eschbaumer, M., Humphreys Jr, J.M., Medina, G.N., Arzt, J. 2025. The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus: Current understandings and knowledge gaps. Veterinary Research. 56. Article 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-025-01545-5.

Interferon stimulated gene MCL-1 inhibits FMDV replication by modulating mitochondrial dynamics and blocking autophagy - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Mogulothu, A., Hickman, D., Attreed, S.E., Azzinaro, P.A., Rodriguez-Calzada, M., Dittmann, M., De Los Santos, T., Szczepanek, S., Medina, G.N. 2025. Interferon stimulated gene MCL-1 inhibits FMDV replication by modulating mitochondrial dynamics and blocking autophagy. Journal of Virology. Article e00581-25. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00581-25.

A scoping review on progression towards freedom from Petits Ruminants (PPR) and the role of the PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT) - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Imanbayeva, D., Perez-Aguirreburuald, M., Knauer, W., Tegzhanov, A., Yustyniuk, V., Arzt, J., Perez, A. 2025. A scoping review on progression towards freedom from Petits Ruminants (PPR) and the role of the PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT). Viruses. 17. Article 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17040563.

Differential mosaicism of recombinant foot-and-mouth disease viruses associated with the order of exposure to two heterologous virus strains - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Stenfeldt, C., Fish, I., Rodriguez-Calzada, M., Richt, J., Arzt, J., Medina, G.N. 2025. Differential mosaicism of recombinant foot-and-mouth disease viruses associated with the order of exposure to two heterologous virus strains. Journal of Virology. 99(3). Article e02213-24. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02213-24.

Virulence and immune evasion strategies of FMDV: implications for vaccine design and countermeasure strategies - (Literature Review)
Medina, G.N., Diaz-San Segundo, F. 2024. Virulence and immune evasion strategies of FMDV: implications for vaccine design and countermeasure strategies. Vaccines. 12(9):1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12091071.

Modeling the 2014-2015 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the United States using an SEIR-SEI approach - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Humphreys Jr, J.M., Pelzel-McCluskey, A.M., Shults, P.T., Velazquez Salinas, L., Bertram, M.R., McGregor, B.L., Cohnstaedt, L.W., Swanson, D.A., Peters, D.C., Rodriguez, L.L., Scroggs, S.L., Fautt, C., Mooney, A. 2024. Modeling the 2014-2015 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the United States using an SEIR-SEI approach. Viruses. 16(8). Article 1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081315.

Interrogating genomes and geography to unravel multiyear vesicular stomatitis epizootics - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Humphreys Jr, J.M., Shults, P.T., Velazquez Salinas, L., Bertram, M.R., Pelzel-McCluskey, A.M., Peters, D.C., Rodriguez, L.L., Pauszek, S.J. 2024. Interrogating genomes and geography to unravel multiyear vesicular stomatitis epizootics. Viruses. 16(7). Article 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071118.

Parallel single-b cell transcriptomics to elucidate swine b-cell repertoire - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Prophylactic treatment with PEGylated bovine FN-lambda3 effectively bridges the gap in vaccine-induced immunity against FMD in cattle - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Attreed, S.E., Silva, C.M., Rodriguez-Calzada, M., Mogulothu, A., Abbott, S.T., Azzinaro, P.A., Canning, P., Skidmore, L., Nelson, J., Knudsen, N., Medina, G.N., De Los Santos, T., Diaz-San Segundo, F. 2024. Prophylactic treatment with PEGylated bovine FN-lambda3 effectively bridges the gap in vaccine-induced immunity against FMD in cattle. Frontiers in Microbiology. 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1360397.

Foot-and-mouth disease - (Review Article)
Arzt, J., Sanderson, M., Stenfeldt, C. 2024. Foot-and-mouth disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America. 40(2):191-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.001.

Deoptimization of FMDV P1 region results in robust serotype-independent viral attenuation - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Medina, G.N., Diaz-San Segundo, F., Spinard III, E.J., Azzinaro, P.A., Rodriguez-Calzada, M., Gutkoska, J.R., Kloc, A., Rieder, A.E., Mueller, S., De Los Santos, T.B. 2023. Deoptimization of FMDV P1 region results in robust serotype-independent viral attenuation. Viruses. 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061332.

Heterogeneity and recombination of foot-and-mouth disease virus during multi-strain coinfection of cattle - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Stenfeldt, C., Fish, I., Meek, H., Arzt, J. 2023. Heterogeneity and recombination of foot-and-mouth disease virus during multi-strain coinfection of cattle. mSphere. 22;8(3):e0064322. https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00643-22.

Evaluation of potential in vitro recombination events in codon deoptimized FMDV strains - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Spinard III, E.J., Fish, I., Azzinaro, P.A., Rodriguez-Calzada, M., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Arzt, J., De Los Santos, T.B., Medina, G.N. 2022. Evaluation of potential in vitro recombination events in codon deoptimized FMDV strains. Viruses. 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030670.

Phylogeography as a proxy for population connectivity for spatial modeling of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Vietnam - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gunasekara, U., Bertram, M.R., Perez, A., Arzt, J., VanderWaal, K., 2023. Phylogeography as a proxy for population connectivity for spatial modeling of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Vietnam. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020388.

Mutation of FMDV Lpro H138 reside outside substrate binding domain drives viral attenuation in vitro and in swine - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Azzinaro, P.A., Medina, G.N., Rai, D., Ramirez Medina, E., Spinard Iii, E.J., Zhu, J.J., Rieder, A.E., De Los Santos, T.B., Diaz San Segundo, F.C. 2022. Mutation of FMDV Lpro H138 reside outside substrate binding domain drives viral attenuation in vitro and in swine. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.1028077/full.

Epidemiologic and economic considerations regarding persistently infected cattle during vaccinate-to-live strategies for control of foot-and-mouth disease in FMD-free regions - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Yadav, S., Delgado, A.H., Hagerman, A.D., Bertram, M.R., Moreno-Torres, K.I., Stenfeldt, C., Holmstrom, L., Arzt, J. 2022. Epidemiologic and economic considerations regarding persistently infected cattle during vaccinate-to-live strategies for control of foot-and-mouth disease in FMD-free regions. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 9:1026592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1026592.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT2 sequences purified from co-infected Cape buffalo in Kenya - (Other)
Palinski, R., Sangula, A., Gakuya, F., Bertram, M.R., Pauszek, S., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Obanda, V., Vanderwaal, K., Arzt, J., Omondi, G. 2022. Foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT2 sequences purified from co-infected Cape buffalo in Kenya. Microbiology Resource Announcements. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01204.x.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT1 sequences purified from co-infected Cape buffalo in Kenya - (Other)
Palinski, R., Sangula, A., Gakuya, F., Bertram, M.R., Pauszek, S., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Obanda, V., Vanderwaal, K., Arzt, J., Omondi, G. 2022. Foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT1 sequences purified from co-infected Cape buffalo in Kenya. Microbiology Resource Announcements. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00584-22.

Morphological and phenotypic characteristics of the bovine nasopharyngeal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissue - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Meek, H.C., Stenfeldt, C., Arzt, J. 2023. Morphological and phenotypic characteristics of the bovine nasopharyngeal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissue. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 198:62-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.07.011.

Complete genome sequences of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses of serotype O, EA-2 from cattle in Uganda during 2015-2016 - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ahmed, Z., Frank, M.N., Velazquez Salinas, L., Vanderwaal, K., Jia, W., Rieder, A.E. 2022. Complete genome sequences of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses of serotype O, EA-2 from cattle in Uganda during 2015-2016. Microbiology Resource Announcements. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00445-22.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from outbreaks in Pakistan 2011-2012 - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Stenfeldt, C., Bertram, M.R., Holinka-Patterson, L., Farooq, U., Ahmed, Z., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Rodriguez, L.L., Arzt, J., Naeem, K. 2022. Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from outbreaks in Pakistan 2011-2012 . Microbiology Resource Announcements. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00574-22.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A and O obtained from subclinically infected Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Pakistan - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Stenfeldt, C., Bertram, M.R., Holinka-Patterson, L., Fish, I., Farooq, U., Ahmed, Z., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Rodriguez, L.L., Arzt, J., Naeem, K. 2022. Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A and O obtained from subclinically infected Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Pakistan . Microbiology Resource Announcements. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00575-22.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus interserotypic recombination in superinfected carrier cattle - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Fish, I., Bertram, M.R., Stenfeldt, C., Smoliga, G.R., Hartwig, E.J., Holinka-Patterson, L.G., De Los Santos, T.B., Spinard III, E.J., Medina, G.N., Arzt, J., Azzinaro, P.A. 2022. Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus interserotypic recombination in superinfected carrier cattle. Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060644.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia-1 obtained from subclinically infected Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Pakistan - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Stenfeldt, C., Bertram, M.R., Holinka-Patterson, L.G., Fish, I., Farooq, U., Ahmed, Z., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Rodriguez, L.L., Arzt, J., Naeem, K., Meek, H.C., Pauszek, S.J. 2022. Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia-1 obtained from subclinically infected Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Pakistan. Microbiology Resource Announcements. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00312-22.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus Asia-1 lineage Sindh-08 from outbreaks in Pakistan 2011-2012 - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bertram, M.R., Stenfeldt, C., Holinka-Patterson, L.G., Fish, I., Farooq, U., Ahmedc, Z., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Rodriguez, L.L., Arzt, J., Naeem, K., Meek, H.C., Pauszek, S.J. 2022. Foot-and-mouth disease virus Asia-1 lineage Sindh-08 from outbreaks in Pakistan 2011-2012. Microbiology Resource Announcements. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mra.00312-22.

Viral population diversity during co-infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes SAT1 and SAT2 in African buffalo in Kenya - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Palinski, R., Brito, B., Jaya, F., Sangula, A., Gakuya, F., Bertram, M.R., Pauszek, S.J., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Obanda, V., Omondi, G., Vanderwaal, K., Arzt, J. 2022. Viral population diversity during co-infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes SAT1 and SAT2 in African buffalo in Kenya. Viruses. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14050897.

Slaughterhouse Surveillance for Subclinical Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Vietnam - (Proceedings)