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The USDA Hemp Descriptor and Phenotyping Handbook was undertaken with
the following objectives: The methods and protocols are based on peer-reviewed literature
and/or crowd-sourced from the hemp community. Robust, reliable, and
high-dimensional data generated from these phenotyping efforts will
empower conservation of hemp genetic diversity and aid selection of
materials with unique trait combinations for breeding programs. We have attempted to compile a list of standardized characterization
and evaluation methods to capture passport information and to quantify
morphology, horticultural and agronomic quality, pathogen resistance,
and metabolic profile. This document can be used a reference to
standardize phenotypic data collection across the broader pool of hemp
germplasm and will be updated periodically as better methodologies
emerge. The information gained from these phenotyping efforts will be
digitally stored and made publicly available within GRIN-Global alongside the hemp
germplasm held within the Plant
Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU) in Geneva, NY. An example of the
germplasm that is held at PGRU can be seen here.
Phenotypic summaries of PGRU hemp genetic resources can be accessed on
GRIN here. PGRU coordinates hemp germplasm collection and exchanges from
domestic and foreign sources. Information related to plant genetic
resources increases usefulness to diverse stakeholders. Phenotypic data
can be collected either by the curator during routine multiplication or
by collaborators during collection, germplasm screening, or breeding
experiments. PGRU asks germplasm recipients or donors to provide as much
data associated with these materials as possible. Collected data can be stored in a spreadsheet using the
This is version 3.0 of the USDA Hemp Descriptor
and Phenotyping Handbook published in June 2023. Here, we try to
draw on new experience, publications, conversations since the
publication of version 1.0 in September 2021. Archived versions of the Hemp Phenotyping and Descriptor Manual can
be found here: The authors gratefully acknowledges the critical review, editing, and
the numerous suggestions for improvements made by Ademola Aina, Olivia
Aldin, Masoume Amirkhani, Anthony Barraco, Craig Beil, Gary Bergstrom,
Mark Berhow, Peter Bretting, Charlie Brummer, Mark Bridgen, Kadie Britt,
Korey Brownstein, Zachary Brym, Carlyn Buckler, Ali Cali, Brian
Campbell, Craig Carlson, Jeffrey Carstens, Ernst Cebert, David Chalkley,
Chengci Chen, Alyssa Collins, Whitney Cranshaw, Randy Crowl, Heather
Darby, David Dierig, Jorge de Silva, Chris Delhom, Sadanand Dhekney,
Shelby Ellison, David Fang, David Gang, Nicholas Genna, Heather Grab,
Jason Griffin, Kelly Gude, Joshua Havill, Yu Jiang, Nick Kaczmar, Joanne
Labate, Michael Loos, Jessica Lubell-Brand, Tyler Mark, Victoria Meakem,
Virginia Moore, Maylin Murdock, Jay Noller, Luis Alberto Monserrate
Oyola, Dániel Pap, Bear Reel, Andrew Ristvey, Moira Sheehan, Savanna
Shelnutt, Chris Smart, Larry Smart, Faith Sparks, George Stack, Jeffrey
Steiner, Conor Stephen, Alan Taylor, Jacob Toth, Daniela Vergara, and
Don Viands. The drawing on the front cover is used with permission by Anya
Osatuke. Kadie Britt provided many primary source images and text for
the invertebrate section. Craig Carlson provided original figures,
methods, and many ideas. Jacob Toth, Joshua Havill, Savanna Shelnutt,
Brian Campbell, Shelby Ellison, and Jeffrey Carstens provided many
helpful comments, references, protocols, and edits. We have tried to
acknowledge everyone who’s helped with this work, but any omissions are
solely Zachary Stansell’s fault. This work has drawn heavily on input from the Cornell
Hemp Stakeholder Survey. Please take the survey if you have not
already done so. Please contact zachary.stansell@usda.gov with any
questions, comments, remarks, or ideas. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits
discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national
origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital
or familial status. Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.
Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for
communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape,
etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202)720-5881
(voice) or (202)720-7808 (TOO). To file a complaint, write to the
Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
0250, or call (202)720-7327 (voice) or (202)720- 1127 (TOO). USDA is an
equal employment opportunity employer. Throughout this document there are special colored text boxes: Phenotype/Descriptor 🧪Phenotyping Protocol🧪 Seed germination 📐Equation📐 Percent moisture may be calculated as: \(\frac{(wet - dry)}{wet} \times
100\%\) 📜List📜 Invertebrate pests 📚Additional References📚 One of the earliest publications lauding hemp was “The Praise Of Hemp
Seed” by John Taylor -Taylor (1620). GRIN-Global supports displaying data in multiple languages for
system-level data. That is, if the system requires text to be displayed
that is not actual GRIN-Global data, that text should be in the
appropriate language for the current user. This is accomplished by using
a table ending with Units An accession consists of seed or plant material representing a sample
of a single species, collected at a single time and location. An
accession may be a sample of multiple plants found at the same location
at the same time, or it may be collected from a single individual. By
default, NPGS will retain different samples of a putative
cultivar/population as discrete inventories nested within the Plant
Introduction accession. Short paragraph. If known, elaborate on material improvement status,
e.g., wild, landrace, breeding material, hybrid, founder stock, colonal
selection, mutant, polyploid, mapping population, transgenic, etc. Top name assigned to display (sometimes referred to as the top name),
typically given by farmer, breeder, seed-saver. Cultivar name is a
possible type of top name. If in non-Latin alphabet, provide original
spelling alongside a Latin-alphabet transliteration in remarks. Modified
from GRIN-Global
and Bioversity International, FAO (2015). Description of plant pedigree, if known, e.g.: Varieties may also be protected by a U.S. Plant Patent
(e.g. Explain crop use(s); e.g., oil, fiber, secondary metabolite,
ecosystem services. Modified from S-1084 Collection Protocols,
GRIN-Global, personal conversations with hemp researchers (Shelby
Ellison and Jeffrey D. Carstens), and Bioversity
International, FAO (2015)
standards. See Appendix. Unless stated otherwise, measure plant architecture traits as the
mean of 10 unpruned plants during week of sampling. Samples submitted to
NPGS will be evaluated by a USDA-ARS laboratory using similar protocols
as described below. Average internode length ( \(inl =
\frac{ht-trkl}{branches}\) Calculated (2021). \(hyp.a = \sqrt{(ht - mcdh) ^ 2 +
\frac{mcd}{2}^2}\). \(hyp.b = \sqrt{mcdh^2 +
\frac{mcd}{2}^2}\) Calculated (2021). \(kite.perimeter = 2 \times (hyp.a +
hyp.b)\) Calculated (2021). \(kite.area = \frac{ht \times
mcd}{2}\). Kite branch angle \(ba = \arctan \frac{mcd}{2(mcdh-
trkl)}\) Number of \(branches = n.opp * (2 +
n.alt)\) A continuous scale of apical dominance can be derived (2021): \(kite.circularity = \frac{4\pi\cdot
kite.area}{kite.perimeter^2}\) 📚Additional References📚 Unless otherwise noted, gather leaf data from the uppermost set of
mature leaves, as mean of 5 leaves gathered from each of 10 different
plants immediately before onset of flowering. Leaf is flattened and measured from tip until start of rachis;
petiole is flattened and measured from base of rachis until petiole
base, modified from -International Union for the
Protection of New Varieties of Plants (2012)
and -Anderson (1980). The average color of uppermost set of mature leaves, collected before
flowering, measured with a colorimeter, modified from -International Union for the Protection of New Varieties
of Plants (2012).
A RHS color chart may also be used, but values should be converted to
(L*a*b*) before addition to GRIN. From Wikipedia
(accessed 2023-01-11): The CIELAB color space, also referred to as
L*a*b*, is a color space defined by the International Commission on
Illumination […] in 1976. It expresses color as three values: L* for
perceptual lightness and a* and b* for the four unique colors of human
vision: red, green, blue and yellow. CIELAB was intended as a
perceptually uniform space, where a given numerical change corresponds
to a similar perceived change in color. There are many programmatic solutions to convert colors (I use R for
everything: 1,2,3)
as well as many online tools (e.g., Colormine). Consider printing a label to include in the scan as well. PGRU
germplasm imaging and scans typically include accession ID, species, and
plant id name (e.g. ‘FIN-314’). PGRU uses a small color wheel in the
corner of our templates (DOWNLOAD),
but that might not be necessary for you since you are measuring color
with a colorimeter. Indicate whether not variegation has been noted or is present. 🧪Scan protocol🧪 Equipment ProtocolUSDA Hemp Descriptor and Phenotyping
Handbook, Version 3
Editors: Zachary Stansell, Tyler Gordon, Anthony
Barraco, Daniel Meyers, Anthony Rampulla, Tori Ford, Anya Osatuke
20-Jul-2023
ABOUT
Objectives
trait_name as
column headings and
PUID as row names. Our lab prefers the
conventions of “Tidy Data” 1,2.
This document can then be emailed to the hemp germplasm curator (zachary.stansell@usda.gov) for inclusion into
GRIN-Global. Please do not hesitate to reach out with any questions,
comments, suggestions!Versioning
Editors
Boxes
trait_name [datatype; units]elevation_meters [decimal; m]
Elevation of collecting site above sea level.
Keywords
Language
_lang as a child
table.Data types & units
All units are SI unless otherwise indicated.datetime
A datetime data type that can handle time in nanoseconds and has a year
range extending from the year “0001” to “9999.”decimal
The decimal data type can store a maximum of 38 digits, all of which can
be to the right of the decimal point. The decimal data type stores an
exact representation of the number; there is no approximation of the
stored value.int
The integer data type is stored as a 4-byte integer; numeric values can
range from \(-2^{31}\) through \(2^{31} – 1\).nvarchar
An nvarchar field can store a string of text characters (maximum 4,000).
The “n” in nvarchar means uNicode. “varchar” is an abbreviation for
variablelength character string. Essentially, nvarchar is variable text
field that supports two-byte characters, therefore capable of handling
non-English symbols.PASSPORT
Accession
taxonomy_species_id [nvarchar]
Scientific name of accession linking the accession record to its
taxonomy parent (genus / species). Modified from GRIN-Global.
Subtaxon may be included:
PUID [nvarchar]
If persistent, unique identifier has been previously assigned, report.
Assigned to one accession to be unambiguously referenced at the global
level, with associated information aggregated via automated means.
Genebanks not applying a true PUID should use a combination of Institute
Code, Accession Number, and the Genus as a globally unique identifier.
Modified from Bioversity International, FAO (2015).improvement_status [nvarchar]plant_name [nvarchar]accession_pedigree [nvarchar]
ploidy [int]
Record ploidy if known. If mixoploid or other, elaborate in
passport_remarks. See Adriel Garay and Sabry Elias (1998).accession_ipr [nvarchar]
State PVP registration status, if applicable. U.S.
Link.CW2A) or Utility Patent and/or Plant Breeder’s Right
from a UPOV country; e.g., Canada.
crop_use [nvarchar]Germplasm source
source_cooperator_id [nvarchar]
Field associating the cooperator (person or organization) who was the
source of the germplasm. See Appendix.collector_cooperator_id
[nvarchar]
Indicating the individual collecting sample. See Appendix.developer [nvarchar]
List the name of the organization (or person) that bred the
material.Sampling & location
number_plants_sampled [int]
Number of plants sampled to collect the accession material
( S-1084 Collection Protocols). See Appendix.source_date [datetime]
Date when germplasm is collected from source material
( S-1084 Collection Protocols).geography_id [nvarchar]
The internal geographic identifier indicating the cooperator’s country
and state ( S-1084 Collection Protocols).elevation_meters [decimal; m]
Elevation of collecting site above sea level (
S-1084 Collection Protocols).latitude &
longitude [decimal]
Latitude and longitude in decimal degree format. The format is 10
integers and 8 decimals. Positive values are east of the Greenwich
Meridian; negative values are west of the Greenwich Meridian
( S-1084 Collection Protocols).coordinate_method [nvarchar]
Georeferencing method used (e.g.; GPS, map, estimated). Modified from
Bioversity International, FAO (2015).uncertainty [decimal; m]
Maximum coordinate uncertainty radius.georeference_datum [nvarchar]
Geodetic datum/spatial reference system; WGS84 datum is preferred.accession_inv_voucher_note
[nvarchar]
If applicable, include additional voucher information.ARCHITECTURE
Morphology
ht [decimal; cm]
Height of the stem from the ground to tip apical inflorescence, modified
from (2021).mcd [decimal; cm]
Maximum canopy diameter (mcd) as width of
plant at widest set of branches (2021). Measured from
widest tip to tip without stretching branches. Include flowering tissue
in measurement.mcdh [decimal; cm]
Height evaluated at maximum canopy diameter
(mcdh) from ground to max canopy diameter
(2021).trkl [decimal; cm]
Trunk length (trkl) is evaluated as
distance from ground to first branch (2021).inl [decimal; cm]inl) is
calculated between internodes along the primary stem (50 cm max, see
diagram) (2021).hyp_a and
hyp_b [decimal; cm]kite_perimeter [decimal; cm]kite_area [decimal; \(cm^2\)]ba [decimal; (0-180°)]ba is calculated from
the lower kite triangle, using the difference of maximum canopy diameter
height and trunk length (2021).nodes | nodes_opp |
nodes_alt [int]
Number of internodes (nodes) per plant;
nodes are by definition \(2 \times\)
branches (2021). Number of
opposite internodes (nodes_opp) per plant.
Number of alternate internodes (nodes_alt)
per plant. When grown from seed, branching is initially opposite,
transitioning to alternate as the plant matures. Plants propagated from
cuttings generally have alternate branching in the whole plant Stack et al. (2021).branches [int]branches per plant (2021). When grown from
seed, branching is initially opposite, transitioning to alternate as the
plant matures. Plants propagated from cuttings generally have alternate
branching in the whole plant Stack et al. (2021).kite.circularity [categorical]dia [decimal; mm]
Diameter of the stem at soil level using calipers, forestry or fabric
measuring tape, modified from Carlson et al. (2021).pith_diameter [decimal; mm]
Diameter of the pith in the stem cross section at stem midpoint,
modified from International Union for the
Protection of New Varieties of Plants (2012).Uncrewed aerial vehicle evaluation
uav_xxx [TBA]
See Carlson et al. (2021).Remarks
architecture_remarks [nvarchar]
If possible, report date of measurement [days from sowing], sex average,
minimum, and maximum height and width observed in a planting (cm).
LEAF
Morphology
petiole_length [decimal; cm]
central_leaflet_length [decimal; cm]
central_leaflet_width [decimal; cm]
central_leaflet_length and
(B) petiole_length
measurement.Imaging
leaf_color_L [decimal]
leaf_color_a [decimal]
leaf_color_b [decimal]leaf_variegation [nvarchar; Y/N]
Variegated leaves are most likely not virus based, but it might
be worth investigating.leaf_scan_protocol [.jpg or .png]
puid.