Author
SCHOCH, CONRAD - National Institutes Of Health (NIH) | |
SEIFERT, KEITH - Agri Food - Canada | |
HUHNDORF, SABINE - Field Museum Natural History | |
ROBERT, VINCENT - Fungal Biodiversity | |
SPOUGE, JOHN - National Institutes Of Health (NIH) | |
BOLCHACOVA, ELENA - Life Technologies Corporation | |
VOIGT, KERSTIN - Leibniz Institute | |
CHEN, WEN - Agri Food - Canada | |
MILLER, ANDREW - University Of Illinois | |
WINGFIELD, MICHAEL - University Of Pretoria | |
AIME, M. CATHERINE - Louisiana State University | |
AN, KWANG-DEUK - Riken Bioresource Center | |
BAI, FENG-YAN - Chinese Academy Of Sciences | |
BARRETO, ROBERT - Universidade Federal De Vicosa | |
BEGEROW, DOMINIK - University Of Bochum | |
BERGERON, MARIE-JOSEE - Canadian Forest Service | |
BLACKWELL, MEREDITH - Louisana State University | |
BOEKHOUT, TEUN - Fungal Biodiversity | |
BOGALE, MESFIN - Brandon University | |
BOONYUEN, NATTAWUT - National Center For Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology (BIOTEC) | |
BURGAZ, ANA - Complutense University Of Madrid (UCM) | |
OLARIAGA, IBAI - The Swedish Museum Of Natural History | |
CAI, LEI - Chinese Academy Of Sciences | |
CARDINALI, G - University Of Perugia | |
CHAVERRI, PRISCILA - University Of Maryland | |
COPPINS, BRIAN - Royal Botanical Gardens | |
CRESPO, ANA - Complutense University Of Madrid (UCM) | |
CROUS, PEDRO - Fungal Biodiversity | |
CUBAS, PALOMA - Complutense University Of Madrid (UCM) | |
DAMM, ULRIKE - Fungal Biodiversity | |
DE BEER, Z. WILHELM - University Of Pretoria | |
DE HOOG, G. SYBREN - Fungal Biodiversity | |
DEL-PRADO, RUTH - Complutense University Of Madrid (UCM) | |
DENTINGER, BRYN - Royal Botanical Gardens | |
DUONG, TUAN - University Of Pretoria | |
DIVAKAR, PRADEEP - Complutense University Of Madrid (UCM) | |
MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA, SAJEEWA - Mae Fah Luan University | |
OKANE, IZUMI - National Institute Of Technology And Evaluation (NITE) | |
OTTE, JURGEN - Biodiversity And Climate Research Centre (BIK-F) | |
EBERHARDT, URSULA - Fungal Biodiversity | |
ELSHAHED, MOSTAFA - Oklahoma State University | |
FLIEGEROVA, KATERINA - Academy Of Sciences Of The Czech Republic (ASCR) | |
RAJA, HUZEFA - University Of North Carolina | |
GE, ZAI-WEI - Chinese Academy Of Sciences | |
SCHMITT, IMKE - Goethe University | |
REDECKER, DIRK - Universite De Bourgogne | |
GROENEWALD, JOHANNES - Fungal Biodiversity | |
GROENEWALD, MARIZETH - Fungal Biodiversity | |
GRUBE, MARTIN - Universitat Graz | |
GRYZENHOUT, MARIEKA - University Of The Free State | |
GUO, LIANG-DONG - Chinese Academy Of Sciences | |
HAGEN, FERRY - Fungal Biodiversity | |
HAMBLETON, SARAH - Agri Food - Canada | |
HAMELIN, RICHARD - Canadian Forest Service | |
HANSEN, KAREN - The Swedish Museum Of Natural History | |
HARROLD, PAUL - Royal Botanical Gardens | |
HELLER, GREGORY - Louisana State University | |
HIRAYAMA, KAZUYUKI - Hirosaki University | |
SHEARER, CAROL - University Of Illinois | |
HOFFMAN, KERSTIN - Leibniz Institute | |
HOFSTETTER, VALERIE - Agroscope | |
HOGNABBA, FILIP - University Of Helsinki | |
SCHUBLER, ARTHUR - Ludwig-Maximilians University | |
SOTOME, KOZUE - Tottori University | |
SUH, SUNG-OUI - American Type Culture Collections | |
HOUBRAKEN, JOS - Fungal Biodiversity | |
HUGHES, KAREN - University Of Tennessee | |
HUHTINEN, SEPPO - University Of Turku | |
HYDE, KEVIN - Mae Fah Luan University | |
JAMES, TIMOTHY - University Of Michigan | |
PARK, DUCKHUL - Landcare Research | |
JOHNSTON, PETER - Landcare Research | |
JONES, E.B. GARETH - National Center For Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology (BIOTEC) | |
KELLY, LAURA - Royal Botanical Gardens | |
KIRK, PAUL - Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI) | |
KNAPP, DANIEL - Eotvos Lorand University | |
KOLJALG, URMAS - University Of Tartu | |
KOVACS, GABOR - Eotvos Lorand University | |
Kurtzman, Cletus | |
LANDVIK, SARA - Novozymes | |
LEAVITT, STEVEN - Field Museum Natural History | |
LEVESQUE, C ANDRE - Agri Food - Canada | |
LIGGENSTOFFER, AUDRA - Oklahoma State University | |
LIIMATAINEN, KARE - University Of Helsinki | |
LOMBARD, LORENZO - Fungal Biodiversity | |
LUANGSA-ARD, J. JENNIFER - National Center For Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology (BIOTEC) | |
LUMBSCH, H. THORSTEN - Field Museum Natural History | |
MAGANTI, HARINAD - McMaster University | |
SCHINDEL, DAVID - Smithsonian Institute | |
TRETTER, ERIC - Boise State University | |
WEIB, MICHAEL - University Of Tubingen | |
MCTAGGART, ALISTAIR - Louisana State University | |
METHVEN, ANDREW - Eastern Illinois University | |
MEYER, WIELAND - University Of Sydney | |
MONCALVO, JEAN-MARC - University Of Toronto | |
MONGKOLSAMRIT, S - National Center For Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology (BIOTEC) | |
NAGY, LASZLO - University Of Szeged |
Submitted to: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 2/24/2012 Publication Date: 4/17/2012 Citation: Schoch, C.L., Seifert, K.A., Huhndorf, S., Robert, V., Spouge, J.L., Bolchacova, E., Voigt, K., Chen, W., Miller, A.N., Wingfield, M.J., Aime, M., An, K., Bai, F., Barreto, R.W., Begerow, D., Bergeron, M., Blackwell, M., Boekhout, T., Bogale, M., Boonyuen, N., Burgaz, A.R., Olariaga, I., Cai, L., Cardinali, G., Chaverri, P., Coppins, B.J., Crespo, A., Crous, P.W., Cubas, P., Damm, U., De Beer, Z., De Hoog, G., Del-Prado, R., Dentinger, B., Duong, T.S., Divakar, P.K., Maharachchikumbura, S.S., Okane, I., Otte, J., Eberhardt, U., Elshahed, M.S., Fliegerova, K., Raja, H.A., Ge, Z., Schmitt, I., Redecker, D., Groenewald, J.Z., Groenewald, M., Grube, M., Gryzenhout, M., Guo, L., Hagen, F., Hambleton, S., Hamelin, R.C., Hansen, K., Harrold, P., Heller, G., Hirayama, K., Shearer, C., Hoffman, K., Hofstetter, V., Hognabba, F., Schubler, A., Sotome, K., Suh, S., Houbraken, J., Hughes, K., Huhtinen, S., Hyde, K.D., James, T., Park, D., Johnston, P.R., Jones, E., Kelly, L.J., Kirk, P.M., Knapp, D.G., Koljalg, U., Kovacs, G.M., Kurtzman, C.P., Landvik, S., Leavitt, S.D., Levesque, C., Liggenstoffer, A.S., Liimatainen, K., Lombard, L., Luangsa-Ard, J., Lumbsch, H., Maganti, H., Schindel, D., Tretter, E., Weib, M., Mctaggart, A.R., Methven, A.S., Meyer, W., Moncalvo, J., Mongkolsamrit, S., Nagy, L.G., et al. 2012. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109(16):6241-6246. Interpretive Summary: The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) has been striving to have a gene sequence barcode for all of earth’s species. The requirement is a gene sequence of approximately 600 nucleotides that can identify all species, or groups of closely related species, for a particular group of organisms, and the gene sequence must be easy to determine using a fixed set of DNA sequencing primers. The fungi have remained the only major group of organisms for which a barcode gene was yet to be selected. The Fungal Working Group of CBOL tested six different genes that are commonly used to compare fungi for their utility as barcode genes. Following extensive analysis of all major fungal groups, it was decided to use the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of the cellular ribosomal RNA repeat. Of the genes tested, this sequence is the easiest to determine and often resolves individual species. There is also an extensive database of ITS sequences for many groups of fungi. The benefit to barcoding fungi using a single gene is that species can be quickly identified and as new species are characterized, the ITS sequence will be added to the database. Use of this system will allow rapid identification of human and plant pathogenic fungi as well as those used in pest biocontrol and in biotechnology. Technical Abstract: Six DNA regions were evaluated in a multi-national, multi-laboratory consortium as potential DNA barcodes for Fungi, the second largest kingdom of eukaryotic life. The region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 used as the animal barcode was excluded as a potential marker, because it is difficult to amplify in fungi, often includes large introns and can be insufficiently variable. Three regions from the nuclear ribosomal RNA cistron were compared, together with regions of three representative protein coding genes, RPB1, RPB2 and MCM7. Although the protein coding gene regions often had a higher percent of correct identification compared to ribosomal markers, low PCR amplification and sequencing success eliminated them as candidates for a universal fungal barcode. The nuclear ribosomal small subunit (SSU) has poor species-level resolution in fungi. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has the highest probability of successful identification of the regions within the ribosomal cistron across the broadest range of fungi, with the most clearly defined barcode gap between inter- and intraspecific variation. The nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), a popular phylogenetic marker in certain groups, had superior species resolution in some taxonomic groups, such as the early diverging lineages and the yeasts, but was otherwise slightly inferior to the ITS. ITS will be formally proposed for adoption by the Consortium for the Barcode of Life as the primary fungal barcode marker, with the possibility that supplementary barcodes may be proposed for particular, narrowly circumscribed taxonomic groups. |