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ARS Home » Plains Area » Sidney, Montana » Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory » Agricultural Systems Research » Research » Publications at this Location » Publication #307071
Title: Conservation Agriculture in North America

Author
item HANSEN, NEIL - Brigham Young University - Idaho
item TUBBS, SCOTT - University Of Georgia
item FERNANDEZ, FABIAN - University Of Minnesota
item GREEN, STEVEN - Arkansas State University
item HANSEN, NELS - Brigham Young University - Idaho
item Stevens, William - Bart

Submitted to: Springer Verlag
Publication Type: Book / Chapter
Publication Acceptance Date: 6/16/2014
Publication Date: 2/1/2015
Citation: Hansen, N.C., Tubbs, S.R., Fernandez, F.G., Green, S., Hansen, N., Stevens, W.B. 2015. Chapter 17: Conservation agriculture in North America. In: Farooq, M. and Siddique, K., Editors. Conservation Agriculture. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. XIX, p. 417-442.

Interpretive Summary: Crop production using conservation agriculture (CA) practices typically includes reduced tillage, mulching with crop residues or cover crops, and diversified crop rotations, especially those that incorporate leguminous crops. A review of research literature indicated that in North America, reduced tillage is the most widely-adopted practice that fits within the CA concept and adoption rates are increasing. Cover crops are used on a low percentage of cultivated land in North America, but recent efforts to promote the value of cover cropping have resulted in increased adoption rates. Moreover, developing cropping systems that use biomass for biofuel systems has potential for further expanding the cultivation of cover crops. There is wide-ranging variability in CA adoption in the different production regions of North America because of differences in climate, soil types, and cropping systems. For example, zero-till adoption has been more extensive in regions where growing seasons are not limited by cold conditions and with moderate levels of crop residue. Zero-till adoption has been limited by difficulties in seeding and the development of weed resistance to common herbicides. Strip tillage has evolved as an alternative conservation tillage practice and is being adopted widely across North America. Future CA systems will allow for conservation practices, such as tillage intensity, to be applied in a spatially-variable way that matches conservation costs and benefits with specific conditions in fields and watersheds.

Technical Abstract: Conservation agriculture (CA) is a production paradigm that groups reduced tillage, mulching with crop residues or cover crops, and diversified crop rotations, especially those that incorporate leguminous crops. In North America, reduced tillage is the most widely-adopted practice that seeks the ideals of CA and adoption rates are increasing. Cover crops are used on a low percentage of cultivated land in North America, but recent efforts to promote the value of cover cropping have resulted in increased adoption rates. Developing cropping systems that use biomass for biofuel systems has potential for expanding the cultivation of cover crops. This chapter illustrates the diversity in CA adoption in North America by describing CA adoption in contrasting production regions with variations in climate, soil types, and cropping systems. Zero-till adoption has been more popular in regions where growing seasons are not limited by cold conditions and with moderate levels of crop residue. Zero-till adoption has been limited by difficulties in seeding and the development of weed resistance to common herbicides. Strip tillage has evolved as an alternative conservation tillage practice and is being adopted widely across North America. Future CA systems will allow for conservation practices, such as tillage intensity, to be applied in a spatially-variable way that matches conservation costs and benefits with specific conditions in fields and watersheds.