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Research Project: Rapid Antemortem Tests for the Early Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies and Other Animal Diseases

Location: Produce Safety and Microbiology Research

Title: Development and application of lateral flow devices for detection of avian influenza 

Author
item LIN, MENG-WEI - Washington State University
item Quintela, Irwin
item SABLANI, SHYAM - Washington State University
item LIN, CHIH-SHENG - National Yang-Ming University
item Wu, Vivian

Submitted to: Journal of Virology
Publication Type: Review Article
Publication Acceptance Date: 10/6/2025
Publication Date: 11/4/2025
Citation: Lin, M., Quintela, I.A., Sablani, S.S., Lin, C., Wu, V.C. 2025. Development and application of lateral flow devices for detection of avian influenza . Journal of Virology. Article e01484-25/14. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01484-25.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01484-25

Interpretive Summary: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), caused by influenza A viruses (AIVs), poses significant threats to both avian populations and public health due to its zoonotic potential. Traditional detection methods are essential for timely diagnosis and control but are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Rapid and accurate detection of AIVs is crucial for effective control measures, preventing widespread outbreaks, and minimizing economic losses in the poultry industry. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) offer a rapid, early, and large-scale approach to detecting AIV infections. This narrative review introduces the principles and techniques of LFA in AI detection, outlining and comparing its development and applications.

Technical Abstract: Avian influenza (AI), caused by influenza A viruses (AIVs), poses significant threats to both avian populations and public health due to its zoonotic potential. Especially the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), such as the subtype H5N1, has a high mortality rate. Traditional detection methods, such as virus isolation and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), are essential for timely diagnosis and control but are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Rapid and accurate detection of AIVs is crucial for effective control measures, preventing widespread outbreaks, and minimizing economic losses in the poultry industry. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) offer a rapid, early, and large-scale approach to detecting AIV infections. This narrative review introduces the principles and techniques of LFA in HPAI detection, outlining and comparing its development and applications. Additionally, antibody-based and aptamer-based LFAs are discussed to identify prior viral exposure or vaccine-induced immunity in avian species and dairy cows. Notably, advanced techniques such as LFA-integrated CRISPR and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have expanded HPAI diagnostic capabilities and are also reviewed.