A pragmatic guide to data integration for pediatric researchers: The nuts and bolts of mixed methods analysis

Authors: KNAFL, KATHLEEN - University Of North Carolina; DEATRICK, JANET - University Of Pennsylvania; SWALLOW, VERONICA - Sheffield Hallam University; WU, YELENA - University Of Utah; Thompson, Deborah

Submitted to: Journal of Pediatric Psychology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 6/6/2025
Publication Date: 6/24/2025
Citation: Knafl, K.A., Deatrick, J.A., Swallow, V.M., Wu, Y.P., Thompson, D.J. 2025. A pragmatic guide to data integration for pediatric researchers: The nuts and bolts of mixed methods analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsaf050.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsaf050

Interpretive Summary: Our objective is to provide a less complex, easy to understand guide for integrating qualitative and quantitative research. The three basic mixed methods designs are described, including key decision points in each. The basic designs are augmented with published articles to further elucidate and clarify key decisions and differences in each approach. Integration is the defining characteristic of mixed methods research. This article provides a guide for how and where to integrate qualitative and quantitative data to enhance and enrich understanding of a particular topic, situation, or experience.

Technical Abstract: Our objective is to provide a pragmatic data analysis, integration, and reporting guidance for investigators new to mixed methods research. Three core mixed methods designs (convergent, explanatory sequential, exploratory sequential) are described. Key decision points related to data integration – specifying intent, data selection, data preparation, integration strategies, use of analysis software, reporting – are described, including comparison of decision points across the different mixed methods designs. Recommendations for addressing key decisions during the course of analysis are provided and supported with published examples from mixed methods studies focused on pediatric populations. Integration of qualitative and quantitative data is the defining characteristic of mixed methods research but can be challenging to fully achieve and adequately report. Decision making about the aims of the mixed methods analysis and how they will be achieved should begin early in the research process and include team members with expertise and experience in qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies. A variety of approaches to data integration and write-up of the integrated results can be taken and are reviewed in the current manuscript.