Global warming, advancing bloom, and evidence for pollinator plasticity from long-term bee emergence monitoring

Authors: Cane, James

Submitted to: Insects
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 5/13/2021
Publication Date: 5/16/2021
Citation: Cane, J.H. 2021. Global warming, advancing bloom, and evidence for pollinator plasticity from long-term bee emergence monitoring. Insects. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050457.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050457

Interpretive Summary: Common experience has it that natural seasonal events are earlier in some years and later in others. In temperate zones, these events are often timed by some combination of winter chill hours followed by cumulative warmth, which vary with a year’s weather. Over the course of decades, monitored annual bloom dates of a variety of wildflower species varies over 4-8 week ranges. This study reports annual emergence dates of four wild species of ground-nesting bees over 12-24 years. Their first emergence ranged over 4-6 weeks, comparable to wildflowers and in part relatable to the same thermal cues used by plants. Global warming is advancing seasonal events, notably flowering, but it appears that native bees are flexible enough to generally maintain their floral associations and critical pollination services both in wild and agricultural settings.

Technical Abstract: Global warming is extending growing seasons in temperate zones, yielding earlier wildflower blooms. Short-term field experiments with non-social bees showed that adult emergence is responsive to nest substrate temperatures. Nonetheless, some posit that global warming will decouple bee flight and host bloom periods, leading to pollination shortfalls and bee declines. Resolving these competing scenarios requires evidence for bees’ natural plasticity in annual emergence schedule. This study reports direct observations spanning 12-24 years for variation in the earliest nesting or foraging activities by 1-4 populations of four native ground-nesting bees: Andrena fulva (Andrenidae), Halictus rubicundus (Halictidae), Habropoda laboriosa and Eucera (Peponapis) pruinosa (Apidae). Calendar dates of earliest annual bee activity ranged across 25 to 45 days, approximating reported ranges for decades of monitored wildflower bloom dates. Within a given year, the bee H. rubicundus emerged at multiple local aggregations in close synchrony, explicable if meteorological factors cue emergence. Emergence dates were relatable to thermal cues, such as degree day accumulation, soil temperature at nesting depth, and the first pulse of warm spring air temperatures. Similar seasonal flexibility in bee emergence and wildflower bloom schedules suggest that bees and bloom will retain synchrony despite a warming climate. Future monitoring studies can benefit from several simple methodological improvements.