Skip to main content
ARS Home » Pacific West Area » Corvallis, Oregon » Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit » Research » Research Project #434455

Research Project: Breeding, Genomics, and Integrated Pest Management to Enhance Sustainability of U.S. Hop Production and Competitiveness in Global Markets

Location: Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon Reprint Icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

Affordable and convenient diagnostic marker to identify male and female hops - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Clare, S.J., King, R., Tawril, A., Havill, J.S., Muehlbauer, G.J., Carey, S., Harkess, A., Bassil, N.V., Altendorf, K.R. 2023. Affordable and convenient diagnostic marker to identify male and female hops. G3, Genes/Genomes/Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkad216.

Plant disease warning systems - (Book / Chapter)

HopBox: An image anaylsis pipeline to characterize hop cone morphology Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Altendorf, K.R., Heineck, G.C., Wakholi, C., Tawril, A., Raja, P., Rippner, D.A. 2023. HopBox: An image anaylsis pipeline to characterize hop cone morphology. The Plant Phenome Journal. Volume 6, Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppj2.20080.

Identification of quantitative trait loci involved in R1-mediated resistance to powdery mildew and sex determination in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Havill, J.S., Richardson, B.J., Rohwer, C.L., Gent, D.H., Henning, J.A., Muehlbauer, G.J. 2023. Identification of quantitative trait loci involved in R1-mediated resistance to powdery mildew and sex determination in hop (Humulus lupulus L.). Journal of Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 136. Article 154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-023-04399-7.

Evaluating potato evapotranspiration and crop coefficients in the Columbia basin of Washington state Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gonzalez Tapia, F., Pavek, M.J., Holden, Z., Garza, R. 2023. Evaluating potato evapotranspiration and crop coefficients in the Columbia basin of Washington state. Agricultural Water Management. Volume 286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108371.

Evolution of the genetic structure of the Didymella tanaceti population during development of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor resistance Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Pearce, T., Scott, J., Wilson, C., Gent, D.H. 2023. Evolution of the genetic structure of the Didymella tanaceti population during development of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor resistance. Phytopathology. 113:1946-1958. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-10-22-0385-R.

Nitrogen and sulfur fertility practices: Influences on hop chemistry, aroma, and nitrate accumulation Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gent, D.H., Block, M., Massie, S.T., Phillips, C.L., Richardson, B.J., Shellhammer, T.H., Trippe, K.M., Wiseman, M.S. 2023. Nitrogen and sulfur fertility practices: Influences on hop chemistry, aroma, and nitrate accumulation. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610470.2023.2204412.

Impact of infection timing and autumnal fungicide applications on perennation of pseudoperonospora humuli and severity of hop downy mildew Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Richardson, B.J., Gent, D.H. 2023. Impact of infection timing and autumnal fungicide applications on perennation of pseudoperonospora humuli and severity of hop downy mildew. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-23-0268-RE.

Characterization of podosphaera macularis on the most prevalent hop genotype in the pacific northwest Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gent, D.H., Block, M., Cooperider, C., Wiseman, M. 2023. Characterization of podosphaera macularis on the most prevalent hop genotype in the pacific northwest. PhytoFrontiers. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-02-23-0020-R.

Yard age, cultivar susceptibility, and spring pruning practices as risk factors for overwintering of Podosphaera macularis on hop Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Laurie, R.W., Richardson, B.J., Ross, C.J., Gent, D.H. 2022. Yard age, cultivar susceptibility, and spring pruning practices as risk factors for overwintering of Podosphaera macularis on hop. PhytoFrontiers. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-10-22-0112-R.

Nontraditional production additives fail to improve potato yield and economic return Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Thurgood, C., Gonzalez Tapia, F., Holden, Z., Pavek, M.J. 2022. Nontraditional production additives fail to improve potato yield and economic return. Agronomy Journal. Volume 115, Issue 2, Page 801-816. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21259.

Genetic characterization of downy mildew resistance from the hop (Humulus lupulus L.) line USDA 64035M Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Olatoye, O.M., Wiseman, M., Gent, D.H., Henning, J.A., Altendorf, K.R. 2022. Genetic characterization of downy mildew resistance from the hop (Humulus lupulus L.) line USDA 64035M. Crop Science. 63(3):1082-1091. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20880.

Registration of seven powdery mildew-resistant wild hop germplasm lines Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Havill, J.S., Wiseman, M.S., Henning, J.A., Gent, D.H., Muehlbauer, G.J. 2022. Registration of seven powdery mildew-resistant wild hop germplasm lines. Journal of Plant Registrations. 17(1):171-179. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20255.

An improved assembly of the “Cascade” hop (Humulus lupulus) genome uncovers signatures of molecular evolution and refines time of divergence estimates for the Cannabaceae family Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Padgitt-Cobb, L.K., Pitra, N.J., Matthews, P.D., Henning, J.A., Hendrix, D.A. 2022. An improved assembly of the “Cascade” hop (Humulus lupulus) genome uncovers signatures of molecular evolution and refines time of divergence estimates for the Cannabaceae family. Horticulture Research. 10(2). Article uhac281. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac281.

A quantitative PCR assay for detection and quantification of Fusarium sambucinum Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Thomas, W.J., Borland, T.G., Bergl, D.D., Claassen, B.J., Flodquist, T.A., Montgomery, A.S., Rivedal, H.M., Woodhall, J., Ocamb, C.M., Gent, D.H. 2022. A quantitative PCR assay for detection and quantification of Fusarium sambucinum. Plant Disease. 106:2601-2606. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0269-RE.

Genetic architecture of yield-component traits in the new perennial grain crop intermediate wheatgrass Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Altendorf, K.R., DeHaan, L.R., Anderson, J.A. 2022. Genetic architecture of yield-component traits in the new perennial grain crop intermediate wheatgrass. Crop Science. 62(2):880-892. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20716.

Temperature influences on powdery mildew susceptibility and development in the hop cultivar Cascade Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gent, D.H., Claassen, B.J., Wiseman, M.S., Wolfenbarger, S.N. 2022. Temperature influences on powdery mildew susceptibility and development in the hop cultivar Cascade. Plant Disease. 106(6):1681-1689. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-21-2133-RE.

Hop quality factors and grower fertility practices - (Abstract Only)
Gent, D.H. 2021. Hop quality factors and grower fertility practices. Meeting Abstract. In: American Hop Convention and Winter Meeting of the Hop Research Council; 1/18/21-1/22/21; Virtual.

Fungicide physical mode of action: Impacts on suppression of hop powdery mildew Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Claassen, B.J., Wolfenbarger, S.N., Gent, D.H. 2022. Fungicide physical mode of action: Impacts on suppression of hop powdery mildew. Plant Disease. 106(6):1244-1252. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-21-2131-re.

A general framework for spatio-temporal modeling of epidemics with multiple epicenters: Application to an aerially dispersed plant pathogen Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ojwang, A.M., Ruiz, T., Bhattacharyya, S., Chatterjee, S., Ojiambo, P.S., Gent, D.H. 2021. A general framework for spatio-temporal modeling of epidemics with multiple epicenters: Application to an aerially dispersed plant pathogen. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics. 7. Article 721352. https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2021.721352.

Gene expression of agronomically important secondary metabolites in cv. ‘USDA Cascade’ hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cones during critical developmental stages Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Eriksen, R.L., Padgitt-Cobb, L.K., Randazzo, A., Hendrix, D., Henning, J.A. 2021. Gene expression of agronomically important secondary metabolites in cv. ‘USDA Cascade’ hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cones during critical developmental stages. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610470.2021.1973328.

Nitrogen fertility practices in the field influence the accumulation of nitrate during the production of hop-forward beer Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Shellhammer, T.H., Lafontaine, S.R., Iskra, A.E., Clawson, J., Trippe, K.M., Phillips, C.L., Gent, D.H. 2021. Nitrogen fertility practices in the field influence the accumulation of nitrate during the production of hop-forward beer. BrewingScience. 74:88-91. https://doi.org/10.23763/BrSc21-08shellhammer.

The long-read genome assembly of hop (Humulus lupulus) uncovers the pseudoautosomal region and other genomic features Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Padgitt-Cobb, L.K., Kothen-Hill, S.T., Henning, J.A., Hendrix, D.A. 2021. The long-read genome assembly of hop (Humulus lupulus) uncovers the pseudoautosomal region and other genomic features. Acta Horticulturae. 1328. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1328.1.

QTL for seed shattering and threshability in intermediate wheatgrass align closely with well-studied orthologs from wheat, barley, and rice Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Altendorf, K.R., DeHaan, L.R., Larson, S.R., Anderson, J.A. 2021. QTL for seed shattering and threshability in intermediate wheatgrass align closely with well-studied orthologs from wheat, barley, and rice. The Plant Genome. 14(3). Article e20145. https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20145.

Management of hop powdery mildew in the context of recent advances in pathogen ecology and population genetics Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Weldon, W.A., Gent, D.H., Gadoury, D.M. 2021. Management of hop powdery mildew in the context of recent advances in pathogen ecology and population genetics. Plant Health Progress. 22(4):450-458. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-03-21-0065-SYN.

First report of powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera macularis on hemp in Oregon Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bates, T.A., Block, M.H., Wiseman, M.S., Garfinkel, A.R., Gent, D.H., Ocamb, C.M. 2021. First report of powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera macularis on hemp in Oregon. Plant Health Progress. 22(4):567-569. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-04-21-0071-BR.

A comprehensive characterization of ecological and epidemiological factors driving perennation of Podosphaera macularis chasmothecia Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Weldon, W.A., Marks, M.E., Gevens, A.J., D'Arcangelo, K., Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Parry, S., Gent, D.H., Cadle Davidson, L.E., Gadoury, D.M. 2021. A comprehensive characterization of ecological and epidemiological factors driving perennation of Podosphaera macularis chasmothecia. American Phytopathological Society. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-20-0492-R.

Registration of high-yielding aroma hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivar, ‘USDA Triumph' Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Henning, J.A., Townsend, M., Gent, D.H., Wiseman, M., Walsh, D., Groenendale, D., Randazzo, A. 2021. Registration of high-yielding aroma hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivar, ‘USDA Triumph'. Journal of Plant Registrations. 15(2):244-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20138.

The hop downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora humuli Reprint Icon - (Review Article)
Purayannur, S., Gent, D.H., Miles, T.D., Radisek, S., Quesada-Ocampo, L. 2021. The hop downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora humuli. Molecular Plant Pathology. 22(7):755-768. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13063.

Characterization of Podosphaera macularis derived from the hop cultivar ‘Strata’ and resistance to powdery mildew Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Block, M., Wiseman, M.S., Gent, D.H. 2021. Characterization of Podosphaera macularis derived from the hop cultivar ‘Strata’ and resistance to powdery mildew. Plant Health Progress. 22(2):154-156. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-11-20-0095-BR.

Delayed early season irrigation: impacts on hop yield and quality Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gent, D.H., Claassen, B.J., Massie, S.T., Phillips, C.L., Shellhammer, T.H., Trippe, K.M., Twomey, M.C. 2021. Delayed early season irrigation: impacts on hop yield and quality. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists. 80:62-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610470.2021.1915053.

Gene expression for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) leaf lupulin glands exposed to heat and low-water stress Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Eriksen, R.L., Padgitt-Cobb, L., Townsend, M., Henning, J.A. 2021. Gene expression for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) leaf lupulin glands exposed to heat and low-water stress. Scientific Reports. 11. Article 5138. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84691-y.

Registration of high-yielding aroma hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivar ‘USDA Triumph’ Reprint Icon - (Germplasm Registration)
Henning, J.A., Townsend, M.S., Gent, D.H., Wiseman, M.S., Walsh, D.B., Groenendale, D.P. 2021. Registration of high-yielding aroma hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivar ‘USDA Triumph’. Journal of Plant Registrations. 15(2):244-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20138.

Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 1, Granger, Washington, 2020 Reprint Icon - (Abstract Only)
Massie, S.T., Classen, B.J., Gent, D.H. 2021. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 1, Granger, Washington, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports. 15:V030. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDMR15.

Evaluation of fungicides for hop downy mildew, Hubbard, Oregon, 2020 Reprint Icon - (Other)
Classen, B.J., Adair, N.L., Gent, D.H. 2021. Evaluation of fungicides for hop downy mildew, Hubbard, Oregon, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports. 15:V031. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDMR15.

First report of powdery mildew caused by Golovinomyces ambrosiae on Cannabis sativa in Oregon Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Wiseman, M., Ocamb, C., Bates, T., Garfinkle, A., Gent, D.H. 2021. First report of powdery mildew caused by Golovinomyces ambrosiae on Cannabis sativa in Oregon. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-20-2455-PDN.

Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 2, Granger, Washington, 2020 Reprint Icon - (Other)
Massie, S.T., Claassen, B.J., Gent, D.H. 2021. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 2, Granger, Washington, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports. 15:V074. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDMR15.

Predicting damage to hop cones by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Woods, J.L., Iskra, A.E., Gent, D.H. 2021. Predicting damage to hop cones by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Environmental Entomology. 50(3):673-684. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab008.

Floret site utilization and reproductive tiller number are primary components of yield in intermediate wheatgrass spaced plants Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Altendorf, K.R., Dehaan, L.R., Heineck, G.C., Zhang, X., Anderson, J.A. 2020. Floret site utilization and reproductive tiller number are primary components of yield in intermediate wheatgrass spaced plants. Crop Science. 61(2):1073-1088. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20385.

A draft phased assembly of the diploid Cascade hop (Humulus lupulus) genome Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Padgitt-Cobb, L.K., Kingan, S.B., Wells, J., Elser, J., Kronmiller, B., Moore, D.L., Concepcion, G., Peluso, P., Rank, D., Jaiswal, P., Henning, J.A., Hendrix, D.A. 2021. A draft phased assembly of the diploid Cascade hop (Humulus lupulus) genome. The Plant Genome. 14(1). Article e20072. https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20072.

Development of a diagnostic assays for race differentiation of Podophaera macularis Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Block, M., Knaus, B.J., Wiseman, M., Grunwald, N.J., Gent, D.H. 2021. Development of a diagnostic assays for race differentiation of Podophaera macularis. Plant Disease. 105(4):965–971. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-20-1289-RE.

Hop downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora humuli: A diagnostic guide Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Purayannur, S., Miles, T.D., Gent, D.H., Pigg, S., Quesada-Ocampo, L.M. 2020. Hop downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora humuli: A diagnostic guide. Plant Health Progress. 21(3):173-179. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-10-19-0072-DG.

Population diversity and structure of Podosphaera macularis in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. and other populations Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gent, D.H., Claassen, B.J., Gadoury, D.M., Grunwald, N.J., Knaus, B.J., Radisek, S., Weldon, W., Wiseman, M.S., Wolfenbarger, S.N. 2020. Population diversity and structure of Podosphaera macularis in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. and other populations. Phytopathology. 110(5):1106-1116. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-19-0448-R.

Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 1, Granger, Washington, 2019 Reprint Icon - (Other)
Massie, S.T., Claassen, B.J., Gent, D.H. 2020. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 1, Granger, Washington, 2019. Plant Disease Management Reports. 14:V051. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDMR14.

Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 2, Granger, Washington, 2019 Reprint Icon - (Other)
Massie, S.T., Claassen, B.J., Gent, D.H. 2020. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 2, Granger, Washington, 2019. Plant Disease Management Reports. 14:V051. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDMR14.

High levels of insensitivity to phosphonate fungicides in Pseudoperonospora humuli Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gent, D.H., Block, M., Claassen, B. 2020. High levels of insensitivity to phosphonate fungicides in Pseudoperonospora humuli. Plant Disease. 104(5):1400-1406. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-19-2067-RE.

Photosynthetic activity of six hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivars under different temperature treatments Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Eriksen, R.L., Rutto, L.K., Dombrowski, J.E., Henning, J.A. 2020. Photosynthetic activity of six hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivars under different temperature treatments. HortScience. 55(4):403-409. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14580-19.

Genotyping-by-sequencing reveals fine-scale population differentiation in populations of Pseudoperonospora humuli Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gent, D.H., Adair, N.L., Knaus, B.J., Grunwald, N.J. 2019. Genotyping-by-sequencing reveals fine-scale population differentiation in populations of Pseudoperonospora humuli. Phytopathology. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-18-0485-R.

Multiple mutations across the succinate dehydrogenase gene complex are associated with boscalid resistance in Didymella tanaceti in pyrethrum Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Pearce, T.L., Scott, J.B., Wilson, C.R., Gent, D.H., Pethybridge, S.J., Hay, F.S. 2019. Multiple mutations across the succinate dehydrogenase gene complex are associated with boscalid resistance in Didymella tanaceti in pyrethrum. PLoS One. 14(6):e0218569. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218569.

Cooperation and coordination in plant disease management Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sherman, J., Burke, J., Gent, D.H. 2019. Cooperation, and coordination in plant disease management. Phytopathology. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-19-0010-R.

Genomic analysis of powdery mildew resistance in a hop (Humulus lupulus L.) bi-parental population segregating for “R6-locus” Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Padgitt-Cobb, L., Kingan, S.B., Henning, J.A. 2019. Genomic analysis of powdery mildew resistance in a hop (Humulus lupulus L.) bi-parental population segregating for “R6-locus”. Euphytica. 216:10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-019-2543-x.

Stability and resiliency of biological control of the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) in hop Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Iskra, A.E., Woods, J.L., Gent, D.H. 2019. Stability and resiliency of biological control of the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) in hop. Environmental Entomology. 48(4):894-902. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz071.

Influence of nitrogen fertility practices on hop cone quality Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Iskra, A., Lafontaine, S., Trippe, K.M., Massie, S., Phillips, C.L., Towney, M., Shellhammer, T., Gent, D.H. 2019. Influence of nitrogen fertility practices on hop cone quality. Journal of American Society of Brewing Chemists. 73(3):199-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610470.2019.1616276.

Prediction of spread and regional development of hop powdery mildew: A network analysis Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gent, D.H., Bhattacharyya, S., Ruiz, T. 2019. Prediction of spread and regional development of hop powdery mildew: A network analysis. Phytopathology. 109(8):1392-1403. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-18-0483-R.

Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 1, Toppenish, Washington, 2018 - (Other)
Massie, S.T., Claassen, B.J., Gent, D.H. 2019. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 1, Toppenish, Washington, 2018. Plant Disease Management Reports. 13:V025.

Evaluation of fungicides for hop downy mildew and powdery mildew, Prosser, Washington, 2018 - (Other)
Massie, S.T., Claassen, B.J., Gent, D.H. 2019. Evaluation of fungicides for hop downy mildew and powdery mildew, Prosser, Washington, 2018. Plant Disease Management Reports. 13:V026.

Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 2, Toppenish, Washington, 2018 - (Other)
Massie, S.T., Claassen, B.J., Gent, D.H. 2019. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 2, Toppenish, Washington, 2018. Plant Disease Management Reports. 13:V027.