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Thomas Shanower (PhD)
Office of The Area Director
Area Director

Phone: (301) 504-6078
Fax: (301) 504-5836

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Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon Reprint Icon will take you to the publication reprint.)
Origin and phylogeography of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera : Cephidae): implications for pest management - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lesieur, V., Martin, J., Weaver, D.K., Hoelmer, K.A., Shanower, T.G., Smith, D.R., Morill, W.L., Kadiri, N., Cockrell, D., Randolf, T.L., Waters, D.K., Bon, M. 2016. Origin and phylogeography of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera : Cephidae): implications for pest management. PLoS One. 11(12):e0168370. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168370.
Preliminary evaluation of the parasitoid wasp, Collyria catoptron, as a potential biological control agent against the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus, in North America Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Rand, T.A., Waters, D.K., Shanower, T.G. 2015. Preliminary evaluation of the parasitoid wasp, Collyria catoptron, as a potential biological control agent against the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus, in North America. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 26(1):61-71. doi:10.1080/09583157.2015.1076377.
Assessing phenological synchrony between the Chinese sawfly, Cephus fumipennis, its egg-larval parasitoid, Collyria catoptron, and the North American sawfly, Cephus cinctus: Implications for biological control Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Rand, T.A., Morrill, W.L., Runyon, J.B., Hoelmer, K.A., Shanower, T.G., Littlefield, J.L., Weaver, D.K. 2015. Assessing phenological synchrony between the Chinese sawfly, Cephus fumipennis, its egg-larval parasitoid, Collyria catoptron, and the North American sawfly, Cephus cinctus: Implications for biological control. The Canadian Entomologist. 148(4):482-492. doi:10.4039/tce.2015.64.
Effects of genotypic variation in stem solidity on parasitism of a grass-mining insect - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Rand, T.A., Waters, D.K., Shanower, T.G., Berzonsky, W.A. 2012. Effects of genotypic variation in stem solidity on parasitism of a grass-mining insect. Basic and Applied Ecology. 13(3):250–259.
Unexpectedly high levels of parasitism of wheat stem sawfly larvae in post-cutting diapause chambers - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Rand, T.A., Waters, D.K., Shanower, T.G. 2011. Unexpectedly high levels of parasitism of wheat stem sawfly larvae in post-cutting diapause chambers. The Canadian Entomologist. 143(5): 455-459.
Integrated Pest Management of Wheat Stem Sawfly in North Dakota - (Experiment Station)
Knodel, J., Shanower, T.G., Beauzay, P. 2010. Integrated Pest Management of Wheat Stem Sawfly in North Dakota. North Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Bulletin. E-1479.
A NEW SPECIES OF COLLYRIA SCHIØDTE (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE, COLLYRIINAE), A PARASITOID OF CEPHUS FUMIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) IN CHINA, AND POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR CEPHUS CINCTUS IN NORTH AMERICA - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Wahl, D.B., Shanower, T.G., Hoelmer, K.A. 2007. A New Species of Collyria Schiødte (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Collyriinae), a Parasitoid of Cephus Fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in China, and Potential Biological Control Agent for Cephus Cinctus in North America. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 80(1):43-50.
OCCURRENCE OF SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), AND ITS PARASITOID, MACROGLENES PENETRANS (HYMENOPTERA: PLATYGASTERIDAE), IN NORTHEASTERN MONTANA - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Shanower, T.G. 2005. Occurrence of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and its parasitoid, Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), in northeastern Montana. The Canadian Entomologist. 137:753-755.
IMPROVING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AN INVASIVE PEST WITH MOLECULAR PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC AND POPULATION GENETIC APPROACHES: THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON, (HYMENOPTERA : CEPHIDAE) AS A CASE STUDY - (Abstract Only)
Bon, M., Shanower, T.G., Morrill, W., Hoelmer, K.A., Hurard, C., Martin, J. 2005. Improving biological control of an invasive pest with molecular phylogeographic and population genetic approaches: the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, (Hymenoptera : Cephidae) as a case study. Proceedings from the International Symposium MMH Montpellier. Poster
A SURVEY OF FIVE STEM-FEEDING INSECT PESTS OF WHEAT IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Shanower, T.G., Waters, D.K. 2006. A survey of five stem-feeding insect pests of wheat in the northern great plains. Journal of Entomological Science. 41(1):40-48.
PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE INVASIVE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON, (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANAGEMENT OF THIS PEST - (Abstract Only)
Bon, M., Shanower, T.G., Morrill, W., Hoelmer, K.A., Martin, J. 2005. Phylogeography and genetic structure of the invasive wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in North America: New insights into the biological control management of this pest. International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods. Poster.
HABITAT AND PLANT SPECIFICITY OF TRICHOGRAMMA EGG PARASITOIDS-UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Romeis, J., Babendreir, D., Wackers, F., Shanower, T.G. 2005. Habitat and plant specificity of trichogramma egg parasitoids-underlying mechanisms and implications. Basic and Applied Ecology. 6(3):215—236
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WHEAT STEM SAWFLIES: PAST AND FUTURE - (Review Article)
Shanower, Thomas G., Hoelmer, Kim A. Biological Control of Wheat Stem Sawflies: Past and Future. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 21(4):197-221.
ADVANCES IN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY MANAGEMENT - (Abstract Only)
Shanower, T.G., Morrill, W.L., Weaver, D.K., Hoelmer, K.A., Berzonsky, W.A. Advances in wheat stem sawfly management. International Congress of Entomology, Brisbane, Australia. 15-20 August 2004.
RECENT PROGRESS TOWARDS CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY - (Abstract Only)
Hoelmer, K.A., Shanower, T.G., Bon, M.C. Recent progress towards classical biological control of the wheat stem sawfly. Entomological Society of America Pacific Branch Annual Meeting, Bozeman, MT. 20-23 June 2004.
WHEAT STEM SAWFLIES: CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON, CEPHUS PYGMAEUS (L.) AND TRACHELUS TABIDUS (F.) (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) - (Book / Chapter)
Shanower, T.G. 2004. Wheat stem sawflies: cephus cinctus norton, cephus pygmaeus (l.) and trachelus tabidus (f.) (hymenoptera: cephidae). Encyclopedia of Entomology. 3:2545-2548.
TRICHOMES AND INSECTS - (Book / Chapter)
Shanower, T.G. 2004. Trichomes and insects. Encyclopedia of Entomology. 3:232-2335.
HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WHEAT STEM SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE) - (Book / Chapter)
Shanower, T.G. 2004. History of biological control of wheat stem sawflies (hymenoptera: cephidae). Encyclopedia of Entomology. 2:1090-1093.
BREEDING WHEAT FOR RESISTANCE TO INSECTS - (Review Article)
BERZONSKY, W.A., DING, H., HALEY, S.D., HARRIS, M.O., LAMB, R.J., MCKENZIE, R.H., PEAIRS, F.B., PORTER, D.R., RATCLIFFE, R.H., SHANOWER, T.G. BREEDING WHEAT FOR RESISTANCE TO INSECTS. Janick, J., Editor. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. PLANT BREEDING REVIEWS. 2003. v. 22. p. 221-296.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus and cross-species amplification in related species - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hartel, K.D., Frederick, B.A., Shanower, T.G. 2003. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus and cross-species amplification in related species. Molecular Ecology Notes. 3(1): 85-87.
GENETIC DEMARCATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY POPULATIONS CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON, (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)N REVEALED BY MOLECULAR MARKERS - (Abstract Only)
BON, M.C., HURARD, C., HOELMER, K.A., SHANOWER, T.G., MORRILL, W. GENETIC DEMARCATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY POPULATIONS CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON, (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)N REVEALED BY MOLECULAR MARKERS. Molecular Ecology Notes. 2002. v. 5. p. 397-409.
RESEARCH ON THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY - (Research Notes)
SHANOWER, T.G. RESEARCH ON THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY. June 16, 2002. Sidney Herald-Leader, Sidney, MT. V. 94, Issue 48. P. 1B.
RELATIONAHIP BETWEEN HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HUBNER AND MARUCA VITRATA (GEYER) ABUNDANCE, DAMAGE AND YIELD LOSS IN SHORT-DURATION PIGEONPEAS - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
SHANOWER, T.G., BHAGWAT, V.R., KHAN, M.I., DODIA, D.A. RELATIONAHIP BETWEEN HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HUBNER AND MARUCA VITRATA (GEYER) ABUNDANCE, DAMAGE AND YIELD LOSS IN SHORT-DURATION PIGEONPEAS. INSECT SCIENCE AND ITS APPLICATION. V. 23. NO. 3. PP. 251-258. 2003.
Biology and field performance of Gryon clavigrallae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of Clavigralla spp. (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in India - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Romeis, J., Shanower, T.G., Madhuri, K. 2000. Biology and field performance of Gryon clavigrallae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of Clavigralla spp. (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in India. Entomological Research Bulletin of. 90(3): 253-263 DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300000377.
HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA LARVAL GROWTH INHIBITION IN ARTIFICIAL DIET CONTAINING FREEZE-DRIED PIGEONPEA POD POWDER - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Yoshida, M., Shanower, T.G. 2000. Helicoverpa armigera larval growth inhibition in artificial diet containing freeze-dried pigeonpea pod powder. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology. 17(1): 37-41.
EVALUATION OF PIGEONPEA POD BORER AND POD FLY TOLERANT LINES AT KABETE AND KIBOKO IN KENYA - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Minja, E.M., Shanower, T.G., Silim, S.N., Singh, L. 1999. Evaluation of pigeonpea pod borer and pod fly tolerant lines at Kabete and Kiboko in Kenya. African Crop Science Journal. 7(1):71-79.
Insect pests of pigeonpea and ther management - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Shanower, T.G., Romeis, J., Minja, E.M. 1999. Insect pests of pigeonpea and ther management. Annual Review Of Entomology. 44: 77-96 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.77.
Trichogramma egg parasitism of Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea and sorghum in southern India - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Romeis, J., Shanower, T.G., Zebitz, C.P. 1999. Trichogramma egg parasitism of Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea and sorghum in southern India. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 90(1): 69-81. DOI: 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00424.x.
Why Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) egg parasitoids of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fail on chickpea - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Romeis, J., Shanower, T.G., Zebitz, C.P. 1999. Why Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) egg parasitoids of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fail on chickpea. Entomological Research Bulletin of. 89(1): 89-95 DOI: 10.1017/S0007485399000115.
TRICHOMES: CHEMICAL FACTORIES WITH MANY POTENTIAL USES - (Popular Publication)
Response of Trichogramma egg parasitoids to colored sticky traps - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Romeis, J., Shanower, T.G., Zebitz, C.P. 1998. Response of Trichogramma egg parasitoids to colored sticky traps. Biocontrol. 43(1): 17-27. DOI: 10.1023/A:1009905722193.
Biology and management of Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) (Diptera:Agromyzidae) - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Shanower, T.G., Lal, S.S., Bhagwat, V.R. 1998. Biology and management of Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) (Diptera:Agromyzidae). Crop Protection Journal. 17(3): 249-263.
Trichomes on Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and Two Wild Cajanus spp. - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Romeis, J., Shanower, T.G., Peter, A.J. 1999. Trichomes on Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and Two Wild Cajanus spp.. Crop Science. 39(2): 574-578 DOI:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900020045x.
Physical and chemical plant characters inhibiting the searching behaviour of Trichogramma chilonis - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Romeis, J., Shanower, T.G., Zebitz, C.P. 1998. Physical and chemical plant characters inhibiting the searching behaviour of Trichogramma chilonis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 87(3): 275-284. DOI: 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00332.x.
OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE OF MARUCA (TESTULALIS) VITRAT (GEYER)(LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN SHORT-DURATION PIGEONPEA - (Research Notes)
Bhagwat, V.R., Shanower, T.G., Ghaffar, M.A. 1998. Ovipositional preference of maruca (testulalis) vitrat (geyer)(lepidoptera: pyralidae) in short-duration pigeonpea. International Chickpea Newsletter. 5:45-46.
BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MELANAGROMYZA OBTUSA (MALLOCH) (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
STATUS OF GROUNDNUT LEAF MINER IN PENISULAR INDIA:MANAGEMENT OPTIONS - (Proceedings)