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Monarch Butterfly - Bt Corn Timeline
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EPA approves Bt corn commercialization
Study raises questions
Researchers respond
EPA acts
Researchers
reach conclusions
Butterflies and Bt corn. Allowing Science to Guide Decisions.
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Monarch/Bt Corn Timeline
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Single corn stalk, young and green

August 1995:
EPA registers the first genetically modified Bt corn.
May 1999:
A note appears in Nature claiming that transgenic corn pollen harms monarch caterpillars, Losey et al.

Reprinted by permission from Nature
Vol. 399:183-284 (6733)
©1999 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
Cover of Nature magazine
Rows of corn in field, tasseling
 November 1999:
First monarch/Bt corn workshop is held.
  December 1999:
EPA begins a data call-in, a review of Bt corn data.
July 2000:
Scientifically reviewed paper is published showing the absence of toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis pollen to black swallowtails under field conditions, Wraight et al.
Hundreds of butterflies flying over treetops
  October 2000:
EPA sponsors a Scientific Advisory Panel, Washington, D.C.
Cover of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
 Oct. 9, 2001:
A special collection of scientific papers highlighting cooperative research is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Reprinted by permission from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., Vol. 98, Issue 21.
©2001 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.
Oct. 16, 2001:
EPA extends registration of Bt corn.
 Single corn stalk, young and green
 
     

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