Canada thistle. View larger photo.
USDA Laboratory Seeks Your Help in Finding a Fungal Weed Fighter
Have you seen this prickly plant? If so, contact scientists with the Agricultural Research Service: They want specimens to collect for studies in Maryland.
Canada thistle is a noxious weed that crowds out native plants and cultivated crops. It may have been introduced into the United States from Europe in the 1600s and today grows in diverse environments—from stream banks and grasslands to crop fields and roadsides. It comes back year after year and forms dense patches with the help of fast-growing roots.
Needless to say, digging up the thistle's roots isn't easy. And hacking at them only creates fragments capable of regenerating new plants. Severe infestations on vast land areas can make herbicide use costly and impractical.
But in some areas, you might notice a patch of Canada thistle that looks quite sickly. Closer examination might reveal stems and leaves of the weeds that are spindly and completely covered with yellow-orange specks. Weeds with these symptoms are also easy to notice because they emit a pleasant fragrant odor similar to Canada thistle flowers. These sickly thistles are of interest to scientists at the USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit in Fort Detrick, Md. There, the scientists are studying a naturally occurring rust disease fungus called Puccinia punctiformis that attacks Canada thistle. It's been in the United States for about as long as the thistle has. The researchers want to find out whether bolstering natural populations of this fungus could improve its effectiveness against Canada thistle, or at least weaken the weed enough that native plants or crops can compete.
Canada thistle with rust symptoms. View larger photo.
This fungus eventually kills the thistle it infects (see photo image of the fungus on Canada thistle). But it doesn't affect other plants or even close relatives of Canada thistle. People, pets and animals are also in no danger.
P. punctiformis can't be grown artificially in the lab—it only survives on living plants. That's why we need your help. If you've seen this fungal thistle-fighter in action, send an e-mail to USDA-ARS Biological Science Lab Technician Emily Smallwood at NAA-FDWSR-BC@ars.usda.gov. She’ll need to know the location where you saw the infected plant. Or you can call in your information to (301) 619-7344.
They'll want to inspect the thistles and collect specimens of diseased plants for laboratory confirmation. The scientists prefer sites that haven't been mowed or sprayed, as well as large infestations over solitary plants. Ultimately, spores from diseased thistles could be used under Federal permit to initiate disease in preselected field sites in Maryland to help stop the spread of this highly invasive weed.
So who knows—your willingness to help could lead to a new way of tackling this noxious, national menace and restoring lost natural habitat and viable cropland.
Below are some fast-facts on both Canada thistle and its rust fungus.
Germinating teliospores (8 days). View larger photo.Canada thistle:
- One of the worst weeds in temperate areas of the world
- Perennial (grows back year after year)
- Reproduces by root pieces, which can generate new plants—and seeds—which spread easily and play a key role in establishing new patches.
- Plowing helps spread the thistle.
Canada thistle rust fungus:
- First plant pathogen suggested as biological weed control (1893)
- Occurs throughout range of Canada thistle
- Adapted to diverse North American habitats
- Grows only in Canada thistle in nature
- Causes plant disease that ultimately kills Canada thistle patches
Canada thistle. View larger photo.
To Report Thistle Rust - Puccinia punctiformis
Send an email with the location of where you saw the infected plant to:
Emily Smallwood, USDA-ARS Biological Science Lab Technician
naa-fdwsr-bc@ars.usda.gov
Or, call USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit at (301) 619-7344 to report your sighting.
