Technical Abstract: World economy development, population increase, and urban expansion accelerate the depletion of naturally preserved energy (fossil fuel), reduction in arable land, and trend of global climate change. Bioenergy, the forms of energy produced from materials of living organisms, holds special promise in meeting the growing need for energy while reducing the negative impact of carbon release from burning fossil fuels. Biomass production, water and nitrogen uses, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress and low soil fertility are critical factors in the selection of ideal bioenergy feedstocks. As a C4 plant (with a high efficiency of photosynthesis, water use, and nitrogen use) capable of surviving hot, semi-arid environment, sorghum may stand out as a suitable versatile bioenergy feedstock. In this paper, the unique features of sorghum, available genetic and genomic resources, potentials and challenges as a feedstock for bioenergy production in the U.S. and China were reviewed.