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Title: Acaricide research and development, resistance and resistance monitoring

Author
item Guerrero, Felicito
item Perez De Leon, Adalberto - Beto
item RODRIGUEZ-VIVAS, ROGER - Autonomous University Of Yucatan
item JONSSON, NICK - University Of Glasgow
item Miller, Robert
item ANDREOTTI, RENATO - Embrapa

Submitted to: Book Chapter
Publication Type: Book / Chapter
Publication Acceptance Date: 10/28/2011
Publication Date: 11/14/2014
Citation: Guerrero, F., Perez De Leon, A.A., Rodriguez-Vivas, R.I., Jonsson, N., Miller, R., Andreotti, R. 2014. Acaricide research and development, resistance and resistance monitoring. In: Sonenshine, D.E., Roe, M.R., editors. Biology of Ticks. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 353-381.

Interpretive Summary: Ticks have a significant effect on humans, agricultural systems, and companion animals. Strategies based on the use of chemicals were developed to control ticks and to reduce their impacts on human and animal health and agriculture. In Brazil and Australia alone, the estimated annual economic loss inflicted on the cattle industry that is attributable to the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, has been estimated to be over $2 billion and $175 million, respectively. In the late 1800s, the U.S. cattle industry was suffering losses due to cattle ticks that is the equivalent of $3 billion in today's U.S. dollars. The tick, Ixodes scapularis, vectors Lyme disease in the U.S. and the costs associated with that disease have been estimated at over $200 million annually. An estimation placed the global costs of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the agricultural sector alone to be over $7 billion annually. Although this dollar figure was only a crude estimation based on broad assumptions, it indicates the enormity of the impact ticks have on society and the economic motivation to develop innovative control methodologies. In this book chapter, we discuss acaricides from a historical and current perspective, acaricide resistance and assays to detect resistance, and new perspectives on acaricide research.

Technical Abstract: Ticks have a significant deleterious effect on humans, agricultural systems, and companion animals. Strategies based on the use of chemicals were developed to control these pests and to mitigate their impacts on human and animal health and agriculture. There is considerable economic incentive to control ticks affecting animal production systems. In Brazil and Australia alone, the estimated annual economic loss inflicted on the cattle industry that is attributable to Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus has been estimated to be over $2 billion and $175 million, respectively. Over 170 million bovines are managed by the Brazilian cattle industry and the parasiticide market in Brazil has a value of US$ 960 million in sales, accounting for 34% of the Brazilian veterinary product market. In Brazil, new products for tick control must be at least 95% effective to be registered, according to criteria set forth by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply, but because an official program for tick control is lacking, criteria for the management of tick infestations are entirely defined by producers. In the late 1800s, the U.S. cattle industry was suffering losses due to cattle fever vectored by R. microplus and R. annulatus ticks that is the equivalent of $3 billion in today's U.S. dollars. The tick, Ixodes scapularis, vectors Lyme disease in the U.S. and the costs associated with that disease have been estimated at over $200 million annually. An estimation placed the global costs of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the agricultural sector alone to be over $7 billion annually. Although this dollar figure was only a crude estimation based on broad assumptions, it indicates the enormity of the impact ticks have on society and the economic motivation to develop innovative control methodologies.