Technical Abstract: Conservation planning has been widely embraced as a method to efficiently allocate limited resources to those aspects of biodiversity most in need of protection or management. However, in order to create successful strategies for long-term biodiversity protection and sustainability, explicit consideration of biological and ecological patterns at different scales is important. We propose that planning for conservation at a given scale should include conservation targets, threats, and possible actions appropriate to that scale and be conducted within a framework of planning at a variety of scales. Using a hierarchical (nested) framework of scales not only ensures that a wide range of conservation targets and threats can be addressed, but also helps translate conservation priorities between scales. In this chapter, we review concepts of scale and provide examples of how scaling issues can affect different aspects of conservation planning. These examples include: selection of conservation targets, identification and impacts of threats, delineation of conservation priority areas, and the influence and aggregation of local actions toward realizing broader conservation goals.