Technical Abstract: Aeolian processes affect landform evolution, biogeochemical cycles, regional climate, human health, and desertification. The entrainment, transport and deposition of aeolian sediments are recognized as major drivers in the dynamics of the earth system and there is a growing interest in the scientific community to quantify and model the biophysical drivers and biogeochemical implications of aeolian processes at different scales. Global climate models predict an increase in aridity in many dryland systems of the world, which may enhance aeolian processes and modify the interactions between hydrological and aeolian drivers with significant feedbacks on climate and desertification. Hence understanding the controlling factors and implications of aeolian processes under different climate, disturbance, and management scenarios is fundamental to global change research. Here we review recent literature on aeolian processes and their interactions with the biota, with a particular focus on biophysical drivers and biogeochemical implications.