Technical Abstract: Termination of cover crops prior to no-till planting of soybean is typically accomplished with a burndown herbicide. Recent advances in cover crop roller-crimper design offer the possibility of physical termination of cover crops without tillage. We hypothesized that 1) cover crop termination with a roller-crimper ('Rolled') reduces weed biomass and seed production following no-till planting of soybean compared to a glyphosate burndown ('Burndown'); 2) yield loss of no-till soybean due to weed interference is lower in a Rolled than a Burndown system; and 3) postemergence glyphosate application rate can be reduced, or eliminated, without reducing soybean yields in a Rolled, but not a Burndown, system. A field study within a no-till soybean production system was conducted in Urbana, IL, from 2004-2007 to test these hypotheses. In a split-split plot design with four replications, ground cover (bare soil, rye or hairy vetch cover crop) was the main plot factor, cover crop termination method (Rolled or Burndown) was the subplot factor, and postemergence glyphosate application rate (0, 1.1 or 2.2 kg a.e. ha-1) was the sub-subplot factor. Biomass of residual weed populations within soybean following either vetch or rye was reduced by 26 and 56%, respectively, in the Rolled system compared to the Burndown system (P < 0.001). Soybean yield loss due to weed interference was unaffected by cover crop termination method (P > 0.35), but the interaction between cover type and postemergence glyphosate application rate was significant (P < 0.01). In soybean following a rye cover crop, regardless of termination method, yield was unaffected by glyphosate rate (P = 0.08), whereas in soybean following a vetch cover crop or bare soil, yield increased with glyphosate rate (P < 0.001). Use of a roller-crimper to terminate a cover crop preceding no-till soybean results in similar yields to those obtained by chemically terminating the cover crop, but reduces biomass and seed production of residual weed populations.