Technical Abstract: Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important forage legume grown on approximately 4 million hectares worldwide. It has a long and varied history in agriculture. Active breeding efforts began at the end of the 19th century. Since this time significant improvement in red clover cultivar for agricultural and environmentally important traits has been achieved. The major focus of breeding and accompanying research efforts has involved increasing persistence. Improved persistence has been achieved through disease resistance breeding and selection for general field based plant vigor and persistence. More recently selection for grazing tolerance has gained prominence as the proportion of red clover acreage in pasture conditions has increased. Breeding for reduced phytoestrogens levels has increased the safety of grazing red clover by sheep. Genomic resources in red clover have matured with the availability of numerous genetic maps and publicly available molecular markers. Transformation techniques have been developed to allow creation of genetically modified plants. With the sequencing of the Medicago truncatula genome and ongoing molecular work in Medicago sativa and white clover numerous other resources have become available for molecular breeding in red clover. Transgenic red clover plants have been developed in connection with studies of protyolitic inhibition of ensiled red clover forage. Numerous opportunities still exist to improve agronomic characteristics of red clover, particularly by increasing biomass yield and persistence. In an environment with expensive fossil-fuel based fertilizer developing and maintaining improved red clover through breeding will continue to remain important.