Technical Abstract: Modern science is making strides into our understanding of the interrelationships between diet and disease. Thus, functional genomics research that not only deciphers the functional roles of genes but also to understand how a particular diet or a component thereof influences a particular disease has empowered research using nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics. Nutrigenomics encompasses studies on cross talk between nutrients and metabolic pathways whereas nutrigenetics is devoted to studies on how the genetic makeup of an individual responds to a specific diet. It is anticipated that advances in understanding the interactions between lifestyle and genotype in contributing to health and disease will eventually reach the highly desirable goal of personalized nutrition. Nutritional molecules such as lycopene, flavonoids, vitamins C and E, isothyocyanates/glucosinolates, when consumed as part of a human diet have a great potential to prevent chronic diseases, including epithelial cancers, cardiovascular diseases, digestive disorders and immune deficiency. The beneficial effects of a nutritional diet seem registered via interactions of several antioxidant components present in food, although the nature of these interactions is still a matter of conjecture. Here, we bring together current information about studies focused on enhancing the nutritional content of vegetable crops using transgenic technology in engineering metabolic pathways. These studies demonstrate the power of genetic engineering approaches in accumulating nutrients beneficial for human health in transgenic crops whose consumption is hoped to prevent the related polygenic diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular disease.