Technical Abstract: Edamame [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a type of soybean selected for fresh or frozen vegetable use at an immature stage. Since edamame has a similar protein content, milder flavor, nuttier texture, and is easier to cook when compared to grain soybean, it is being promoted as a new vegetable for global consumption. Global production will require breeding programs for local adaptation; however, limited research has been published on genetic diversity of edamame varieties for the assessment of genetic resources. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to study the genetic diversity among 130 accessions, including edamame cultivars and landraces from Japan, China and the US, and also the new breeding lines in the US. Although it is assumed that elite edamame cultivars would have narrow genetic diversity, seventeen SSRs detected polymorphism to distinguish 99 of the 130 accessions. The cluster analysis generated nine clusters and 18 outliers. Genetic diversity within Japanese edamame was lower than that within Chinese vegetable soybean accessions (maodou), even though only 10 Chinese maodou were analyzed compared to 107 Japanese edamame. Cluster analysis revealed that the patterns of SSR diversity in edamame can generally distinguish maturity classes and testa color. We concluded that Japanese edamame have a narrow genetic base different from others and that SSRs can describe the patterns of genetic diversity among the elite vegetable soybean.