Technical Abstract: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is the world’s second most important grain legume crop, accounting for a significant proportion of human dietary protein and playing a critical role in food security in developing countries. We report the sequence of the ~738 Mb kabuli (CDC Frontier) chickpea genome, which combined with re-sequencing of 90 cultivated and wild genotypes from 10 chickpea grown countries comprise a resource for molecular breeding, and provide insight into genome diversity and breeding history. The current assembly contains an estimated 28,269 genes. We identify genome regions with low overall genetic differentiation, proposed targets of breeding-associated genetic sweeps. We also identify regions of recently elevated nucleotide diversity, proposed targets of breeding-associated balancing selection. These genome intervals contain candidate genes for agronomic traits, including those distinguishing the two market classes of cultivated chickpea, as well as genes for disease resistance. This report portends a fundamental shift in strategies for chickpea improvement.