Technical Abstract: Authentication of foods, wines and beverages for varietal, country- (or region-) of-origin, and processing conditions is becoming of increasing concern to consumers and regulators both in the U.S. and internationally. As markets become more globalized and foods and beverages are sourced from many locations outside of the U.S., the need for information on product authenticity is becoming mandated either by legal regulations or by market demand. However, there are significant chemical and analytical challenges faced in confirming food authenticity and determining food adulteration. Here we highlight some recent cases that emphasize the need for improved analytical information that will limit economic fraud and improve food safety.