Technical Abstract: Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reducing the negative impact of N fertilization on the environment are essential for sustaining agricultural production in many intensive farming regions around the world. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of various fertilization regimes on yield, N uptake, and NUE by maize (Zea mays L.) in long-term (15 year) experiments carried out at four sites (Changping, Zhengzhou, Yangling and Qiyang) in China. Eight treatments were examined: non-fertilization (CK), inorganic fertilizer (manufactured source) N, NP, NK, NPK, and NPK with manure (NPKM), 1.5× rate of NPKM (1.5NPKM) and NPK with maize stover returned (NPKS). Compared with inorganic fertilization, mixed inorganic and manure fertilization (NPKM and 1.5NPKM) resulted in more stable and significantly higher yield and NUE as well as increases in soil nutrient storage at all sites with the most significant improvement in the acid soil (pH=5.7) at Qiyang. Phosphorous was identified as one of the most important limiting factors in maize NUE because the NUE in all four sites increased from about 20% to 45% by increasing the available P in soil. Higher NUEs (up to 70%) were observed mostly from the continuous manure applications. We conclude that manure and P applications are the most important and effective nutrient management strategies for both the acid and alkaline soils in this study for maize production in China.