Technical Abstract: The Five USDA Biomass Research Centers were created to facilitate coordinated research to enhance the establishment of a sustainable feedstock production for bio-based renewable energy in the United States. Scientists and staff of the Agriculture Research Service (ARS) and Forest Service (FS) within USDA collaborate with other federal agencies, universities and private partners to design, implement, and disseminate findings from research that has high impact on the bioenergy industry. The centers draw upon expertise in diverse disciplines and a history of long term research conducted at multiple locations within each region. Feedstocks development and production aspects are region specific. However, soil, water, and air quality as well as methods to minimize the adverse affects of bioenergy on existing agricultural markets are central to all production systems and regions.