Technical Abstract: Immunoassays are analytical methods that employ antibodies or molecules derived from antibodies for the essential binding reactions. The choice of immunoassay system for food safety analysis depends on the analyte, the matrix, and the requirements of the analysis (speed, throughput, sensitivity, specificity, and overall analytical purpose). Immunoassays for food safety can be used for three general purposes: (1) research and development, (2) quality assurance, and (3) regulatory monitoring. Immunoassays are widely employed for detection and quantitation of thousands of diverse analytes. Their popularity stems from several positive features, some of which are especially pertinent to food and agricultural applications. Immunoassays may be ported to a variety of convenient formats and platforms, where they can be used under poorly controlled conditions and still give good results. It is clear that new immunoassay formats and devices are developed continually, providing ever lower limits of detection, greater multiplex capability, and higher throughput for food safety analyses. The burgeoning science of nanomaterials and the art and technology of microfluidics, robotics, and chip-based analytical chemistry ensure that rapid changes will occur in the sensing of pathogens and toxins important in food safety and defense. Likewise, the innovative and competitive nature of the food industry provides assurance of a continuing stream of new production systems, products, and packaging materials. Global population and environmental changes are guaranteed to provide increased as well as novel analytical demands to assure a healthful, sustainable food supply.