Technical Abstract: Association mapping through linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis is a powerful tool for the dissection of complex agronomic traits and for the identification of alleles that can contribute to the enhancement of a target trait. With the developments of high throughput genotyping techniques and advanced statistical approaches as well as the assembling and characterization of multiple association mapping panels, maize has become the model crop for association analysis. In this paper, we review progress in maize association mapping and the use of candidate genes and gene-based markers in maize association mapping studies, which has generated particularly promising results. In addition, recent developments in genome-wide genotyping techniques promise to improve the power of association mapping and refine our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex quantitative traits. New challenges and opportunities are associated with genome-wide analysis studies, and are discussed here. Current and future impacts of association mapping on maize improvement are discussed, along with the potential benefits for poor people in developing countries who are dependent upon this crop for their food security and livelihoods.