Technical Abstract: Previous studies have indicated that ongoing global change will promote the spread of invasive plants. Recent research points to a more complex response. The components of global change that increase plant resources (e.g., rising CO2, N deposition) most consistently favor invasive species, but, changes in temperature and precipitation may help or hinder plant invasion. Moreover, both experimental studies and models suggest that invasive plants respond in often unpredictable ways to the combined effects of different components of global change; this variability limits the utility of existing risk assessments and other predictive tools for management purposes. Land managers should be prepared for both expansion and retreat of invasive plants; the latter case may create unprecedented opportunities for ecosystem restoration.