Technical Abstract: Agricultural drainage ditches serve as P transport pathways from fields to surface waters. Little is known about the spatial variation of P at the soil-water interface within ditch networks. We quantified the spatial variation of surficial (0–5 cm) soil P within vegetated agricultural ditches on a farm in Princess Anne, Maryland with an approximately 30-yr history of poultry litter application. Ditch soils from 10 ditches were sampled at 10-m intervals and analyzed for acid ammonium oxalate-extractable P, Fe, Al, and pH. These variables were spatially autocorrelated. Oxalate-P (min = 135 mg/kg, max = 6919 mg kg-1, mean = 700 mg/kg) exhibited a high standard deviation across the study area (overall 580 mg/kg) and within individual ditches (maximum 1383 mg/kg). Several ditches contained distinct areas of high oxalate P, which were associated with either point- or non-point P sources. Oxalate-P was correlated with oxalate-Al or oxalate-Fe within specific ditches, although oxalate-Fe was not as well correlated with oxalate P across all ditches as was oxalate-Al. The high level of spatial variation of soil P observed in this ditch network suggests that spatially distributed sampling may be necessary in order to target best management practices and to model P transport and fate in ditch networks.