Technical Abstract: In semiarid regions of northwestern USA and western Canada, approximately one-third of soil organic carbon (SOC) has been lost as a result of conversion of grassland to cropland. This loss equates to a decrease in soil organic matter of about 2% at the field-level, or 1,850 million metric tons C at the region-level. To counteract this decline in SOC, management systems known to sequester C need to be identified and employed. Continuous cropping management, used in concert with no-till, is the most effective dryland cropping system to increase SOC in northwestern USA and western Canada. The rate of SOC accretion for continuous cropping with no-till averaged 0.27 Mg C/ha/yr for the region. This management system creates a more resilient soil resource through its effect on soil quality, as shown through improvements in nutrient cycling potential, erosion resistance, and water absorption and transfer. An improvement in soil quality, in turn, increases crop yield, thereby enhancing global food security. The agronomic and environmental benefits associated with continuous cropping with no-till improve agroecosystem performance, thereby increasing agricultural sustainability. [GRACEnet Publication]