Technical Abstract: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fineness, maturity and micronaire measurements were the first application in the development of near-infrared (NIR) instruments and methodologies to assess cotton fiber quality. Because no review already exists on both the reference methods and the application of NIR to predict these fiber properties, the present chapter is intended to serve as a comprehensive reference, in scope and in treatment. The reader is referred to summaries of key developments by the authors at SRRC as NIR research in fineness, maturity and micronaire evolved (Montalvo and Von Hoven). Because of the more limited number of published reports to measure other cotton quality attributes, an attempt has been made to find and review most of the developments.