Technical Abstract: Herbicide-resistant cultivars will improve some aspects of weed management in wheat (Triticum aestivum), however, negative consequences such as gene transfer among species, increased weed resistance, or less effective volunteer control may result from their use. Therefore, we reviewed literature on volunteer wheat seedling emergence and seed longevity in soil for insight to guide management decisions with herbicide-resistant wheat. Data from classical burial studies suggested that wheat seeds were short-lived in soil, persisting less than one year. Yet, in field studies, volunteer wheat seedlings were still emerging 16 months after harvest; occasionally, seedlings have been observed two years after harvest. Volunteer wheat emergence was extremely variable; causes of variability are numerous, including cultivar genetics, environmental conditions, and production practices. This innate variability makes it difficult to predict volunteer wheat infestations in future years. Diverse cropping systems will enable producers to accrue the benefits of herbicide-resistant cultivars, yet still manage wheat volunteers, minimize gene flow by pollen, and avoid transfer of herbicide resistance. In regions where alternative crops are not viable, herbicide-resistant cultivars will expand the weed spectrum that can be controlled in wheat, but a key concern will be controlling volunteers and gene transfer in the next wheat crop.