Technical Abstract: Peanut seed are approximately 50% oil of which > 80% is either oleic or linoleic acid. The oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio largely influences oxidative stability and hence peanut shelf life. Traditional peanut seed have O/L ratios near 2.5; however, many new cultivars are “high oleic” with O/L ratios = 9. During peanut seed handling, contamination with normal oleic seed may occur. A cost effective method to rapidly differentiate peanut seed based on O/L ratio is needed across multiple segments of the industry, and measurements of oil density and oil refractive index (RI) were evaluated for this potential. Fatty acid profiles of samples from normal and high oleic seed lots, and blends of these oils, were determined by traditional gas chromatography analysis and this data compared to corresponding oil density and RI measurements. Oleic acid content, linoleic acid content, density and RI were all highly linearly (R2 >0.98) correlated for oil blends. Selected density or RI values can be used to predict if a sample had an O/L = 9. Both measurements have excellent potential at rapidly predicting oleic and linoleic acid chemistry of peanut oil; however, sample volume requirements preclude density measurements on single seed.