ARS | Publication request: Vessel formation is induced prior to the appearance of cartilage in BMP-2-mediated heterotopic ossification

Submitted to: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: October 15, 2009
Publication Date: May 1, 2010
Citation: Fouletier-Dilling, C., Wada, A.M., Lazard, Z.W., Salisbury, E.A., Gannon, F.H., Vadakkan, T.J., Gao, L., Hirschi, K., Dickinson, M.E., Davis, A.R., Olmsted-Davis, E.A. 2010. Vessel formation is induced prior to the appearance of cartilage in BMP-2-mediated heterotopic ossification. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 25(5):1147-1156.

Interpretive Summary: Bone formation (also known as ossification) can occur either in the presence of cartilage or in the absence of cartilage. When cartilage is present and bone is formed at non-skeletal places in the body, this is called heterotropic ossification (it will be called HO from now on) and often results from traumatic injury and can lead to devastating consequences. On the other hand, having the information of knowing how to cause bone to form on demand can also greatly enhance a doctor's tools for treating bone defects. Trying to understand the earliest events in this process would allow us to design a more specific therapy to either block or enhance this process. Using a mouse model for our experiments, HO was made to occur, and within 48 hours we detected factors which help to cause endothelial cells to grow, divide, and expand. This is the beginning stages of new blood vessel formation; the establishment of new blood vessels happened three days prior to the appearance of early cartilage. The collected information suggests that blood vessels need to change and grow so that they can modify their immediate surroundings in order to form bones created in the presence of cartilage.

Technical Abstract: Heterotopic ossification (HO), or endochondral bone formation at nonskeletal sites, often results from traumatic injury and can lead to devastating consequences. Alternatively, the ability to harness this phenomenon would greatly enhance current orthopedic tools for treating segmental bone defects. Thus, understanding the earliest events in this process potentially would allow us to design more targeted therapies to either block or enhance this process. Using a murine model of HO induced by delivery of adenovirus-transduced cells expressing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), we show here that one of the earliest stages in this process is the establishment of new vessels prior to the appearance of cartilage. As early as 48 hours after induction of HO, we observed the appearance of brown adipocytes expressing vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) simultaneous with endothelial progenitor replication. This was determined by using a murine model that possesses the VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) promoter containing an endothelial cell enhancer driving the expression of nuclear-localized yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Expression of this marker has been shown previously to correlate with the establishment of new vasculature, and the nuclear localization of YFP expression allowed us to quantify changes in endothelial cell numbers. We found a significant increase in Flk1-H2B::YFP cells in BMP-2-treated animals compared with controls. The increase in endothelial progenitors occurred 3 days prior to the appearance of early cartilage. The data collectively suggest that vascular remodeling and growth may be essential to modify the microenvironment and enable engraftment of the necessary progenitors to form endochondral bone.