2012 Annual Report 1a.Objectives (from AD-416): Trade barriers exist on the import of apples and cherries from the Pacific Northwest based on the presumed risk of temperate fruit flies entering and establishing in export market countries. A multi-faceted or systems approach taking into account potential fly distribution, fly detection, and fly identification components are addressed in this project. In this project we plan to evaluate potential fly distributions through modeling, evaluate attractants for flies, evaluate methods to discriminate closely related fly species, and to develop collaborations for modeling risk of infestations in orchards. 1b.Approach (from AD-416): Determine critical parameters (i.e. photoperiod, chilling requirement) for diapause induction and completion in apple maggot from Washington State. We will include obligate diapausing, cafultative diapausing, and putative non-diapausing portions of AM populations. Determine critical parameters for growth and development of apple maggot and Western cherry fruit fly under climatic conditions specific for tropical regions. 3.Progress Report: Apple maggot pupae were collected from field infested fruits and used in experiments to examine the impact of temperature, humidity, and day length on fly emergence. Initial studies on metabolic heat rates and respiration of these pupae using differential scanning calorimetry and carbon dioxide monitoring have begun. The work reported here addresses objectives 1 and 5 of the parent project plan.