2011 Annual Report 1a.Objectives (from AD-416) 1) Determine if the consumption of 4 servings of milk/yogurt per day improves status of P, Mg, K, and Zn. 2) Determine the contribution of Mg, Zn, P, and K, using statistical models, to bone metabolism. 1b.Approach (from AD-416) Human intervention study with 22 postmenopausal women in a cross-over design. Interventions include: milk and yogurt vs. calcium and vitamin D supplements. 24-hr. urine samples will be collected at specified times. Diet records will be used to record food intake weekly during the intervention periods and analyzed for nutrient intake above that of the intervention treatment. Urine will be analyzed for bone enhancing nutrients, e.g. Mg, P, K, Zn, and B-12. 3.Progress Report New project to examine the effect of milk versus supplements on calcium efflux from bone has been initiated. Required radiation and human subjects approval has been obtained. Recruitment started in October, 9 women have been enrolled, dosed and are on the stabilization period. Intervention will begin in August, and continue through 2012. Funding has been obtained from the Dairy Research Institute and Dairy Council of California.