2012 Annual Report 1a.Objectives (from AD-416): 1) Produce a voucher collection of Bactrocera samples across subspecies from diverse range of populations through input from international collaborator and collecting trips. 2) Perform morphological identification of specimens and provide samples for generic analysis to develop species and population level markers. 3) Initiate species complex population studies, provide taxonomic ID of specimens, and curation of molecular data and insect specimens. 1b.Approach (from AD-416): Using traditional methods of fruit fly taxonomy we will trap, curate, and identify fly specimens within the B. dorsalis species complex. This traditional work will be conducted by a post-doctoral researcher with prior training in B. dorsalis identification. Samples will be collected from the Pacific region, East Asia, and Australia and then transferred to UH Manoa for curation at the Department of Entomology Insect Museum. After morphological identification, these specimens will then be available to be genetically analyzed using currently developed phylogenetic markers and new markers identified from genome-wide analysis of reference specimens within USDA-PBARC and the University of Hawaii at Manoa labs. Formerly 5320-22430-023-07S; 6/2011. 3.Progress Report: One goal of this research is to initiate species complex population studies, provide taxonomic ID of specimens, and curation of molecular data and insect specimens; directly contributing to objective 5 of the in-house project. We have continued to increase our collections of Bactrocera fruit fly specimens and continue to curate at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Insect Museum. Sampling included trapping with methyl eugenol or cue-lure as well as collection from emergence from host fruit and includes samples from Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Cambodia, Japan, China, Taiwan, French Polynesia, Hawaii, and West Africa representing over 50 individual populations. In the last year, we have focused on performing systematic trapping of the major Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Oahu, Maui, and Kauai), targeting both Bactrocera and Ceratitis species. Metadata including data, locality, host fruit or lure, etc. for each specimen is maintained with this specimen. ARS scientists received training on Bactrocera identification provided by expert in Australia. Further dissemination of this information has been performed by ARS scientists through personal training of APHIS diagnosticians in identification. All samples collected are being sequenced across several genes through collaboration between U Hawaii, USDA-ARS-PBARC, and APHIS-CPHST and the sequence data compiled. Communication with collaborators was maintained through regular email and teleconferencing as well as quarterly meetings to update on progress, funding, and planing future work. In addition, this project was discussed in detail at a workshop held at USDA-APHIS-CPHST, Edinburg, TX in January 2012.