2012 Annual Report 1a.Objectives (from AD-416): Objective 1: Identify and characterize unique resistance sources from landraces that are amenable for introgression into adapted cultivars. Multiple new sources of resistance are important because resilient resistance to rusts has been problematic due to the rapid evolution of new virulent races within the fungi, this means that continuous efforts are essential to stay ahead of new emerging virulence. Objective 2: Identify molecular markers to facilitate both incorporation of resistance into adapted cultivars, and for marker assisted selection (MAS). 1b.Approach (from AD-416): Germplasm from the USDA-ARS National Small Grains Germplasm Collection (NSGC) will be screened utilizing Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers for cladistic analysis. Caldistic analysis will be used to determine if stem rust resistant germplasm arose from a monophyletic origin or if multiple sources of novel resistance are represented within the germplasm collection. Develop genetic mapping populations to characterize resistance alleles to Ug99 in resistant cultivars. 3.Progress Report: The objective of the SCA with WSU on the subject of stem rust, specifically UG99, was to develop pre-breeding tools for efficient introgression of new novel genes effective against UG99. Current results along these efforts include.. 1)A molecular phylogeny of 733 landraces from the national small grains germplasm collection which has been screened in Kenya for resistance was developed. The purpose of this assay was to identify based upon geography of origin and molecular profiles, novel UG99 resistant genes that can be introgressed into relevant breeding materials.. 2)The above mentioned landraces were screened in Pullman and Mount Vernon, WA; lines with resistance to all PNW stripe rust races were identified and incorporated into the molecular phylogeny Sthapit et al. 2012 PAG P0156. 3)six mapping populations with landraces having both stem and stripe rust resistance have been developed using locally adapted germplasm. The parental material for the mapping populations includes the relevant 9K SNP markers and the 90K SNP results will be generated this fall. The objective of the specific cooperative agreement (SCA) with Washington State University (WSU) on the subject of stem rust, specifically UG99, was to develop pre-breeding tools for efficient introgression of new novel genes effective against UG99. Current results along these efforts include.. 1)A molecular phylogeny of 733 landraces from the national small grains germplasm collection which has been screened in Kenya for resistance was developed. The purpose of this assay was to identify based upon geography of origin and molecular profiles, novel UG99 resistant genes that can be introgressed into relevant breeding materials. 2) Fifty lines from the 733 landraces were assayed with the new 9K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the results of this assay are currently being evaluated in collaboration with scientist at the National Small Grains Germplasm Collection (NSGGC). Immediate impacts from this assay include two mapping populations that are being developed in the genotyping lab. These mapping populations will now include the relevant SNP markers in their genetic maps. Another impact is the association mapping of SNP markers for UG99 resistance. On the subject of stem rust research and discovery of new resistance sources. All results are communicated to the relevant research communities through meetings, frequent emails and conference calls. These include all discussions with principle investigator (PI) leading research and graduate students and post docs involved in the research. This research relates to parent project 5348-21000-023-00D, Objective 2, Sub-objective A.