Projects

DETECTION AND TYPING OF FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS Appropriated (D)   Accession Number: 421013

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

Optimization and application of a custom microarray for the detection and genotyping of E. coli O157:H7 in fresh meat samples - (Peer Reviewed Journal) - (02-May-13)

A high-throughput antibody-based microarray typing platform - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Barnett, C., Chu, T., Debroy, C., D'Souza, D., Eaker, S., Fratamico, P.M., Gillespie, B., Hedge, N., Jones, K., Lin, J., Oliver, S., Paoli, G., Perera, A., Uknalis, J. 2013. A high-throughput antibody-based microarray typing platform. Sensors. DOI: 10.3390/s130505737.

Rapid O serogroup identification of the six clinically relevant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli by antibody microarray - (Peer Reviewed Journal) - (29-Mar-13)

Comparison of antibodies raised against heat-and gamma radiation-killed bacteria - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Boyd, G., Brewster, J.D., Irwin, P.L., Thayer, D.W., Van Houten, L.J. 2012. Comparison of antibodies raised against heat-and gamma radiation-killed bacteria. Journal of Microbial and Biochemical Technology. DOI 10.4172/1948-5948.S2-004.

Escherichia coli O157 and other Shiga toxin producting E. coli: detection by immunomagnetic particle-based assays - (Book / Chapter) - (01-Jun-12)

Mixed culture enrichment of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Albin, D.M., Bhunia, A.K., Kim, H., Reed, S.A., Tu, S. 2012. Mixed culture enrichment of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Food Control. 26:269-273.

Genotypes and enterotoxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from China - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Xie, Y., He, Y., Gehring, A.G., Hu, Y., Tu, S., Shi, X. 2011. Genotypes and enterotoxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from China. PLoS One. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028276.

Antimicrobial activity of spherical silver nanoparticles: evidence for induction of a prolonged bacterial lag phase - (Abstract Only) - (28-Feb-11)

High-throughput biosensors for multiplexed foodborne pathogen detection - (Review Article)

Gehring, A.G., Tu, S. 2011. High-throughput biosensors for multiplexed foodborne pathogen detection. Analytical Chemistry. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-114010.

Antimicrobial activity of spherical silver nanoparticles prepared using a biocompatible macromolecular capping agent: evidence for induction of a greatly prolonged bacterial lag phase - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Irwin, P.L., Martin, J., Nguyen, L.T., He, Y., Gehring, A.G., Chen, C. 2010. Antimicrobial activity of spherical silver nanoparticles prepared using a biocompatible macromolecular capping agent: evidence for induction of a greatly prolonged bacterial lag phase. Journal of Nanobiotechnology (Biomed Central Open Access). 34:1-12.

Simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium: The use of magnetic beads conjugated with multiple capture antibodies - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Reed, S.A., Gehring, A.G., He, Y. 2010. Simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium: The use of magnetic beads conjugated with multiple capture antibodies. Journal of Food Analytical Methods. DOI 10.1007/s12161-010-9175-z.

Evaluation of the MIT RMID 1000 system for the identification of Listeria species:AOAC performance tested method 090325 - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Ricardi, J., Haavig, D., Cruz, L., Paoli, G., Gehring, A.G. 2010. Evaluation of the MIT RMID 1000 system for the identification of Listeria species:AOAC performance tested method 090325. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. 93(1):249-258.

Development of an oligonucleotide-based microarray to detect multiple foodborne pathogens - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Suo, B., He, Y., Paoli, G., Gehring, A.G., Tu, S., Shi, X. 2009. Development of an oligonucleotide-based microarray to detect multiple foodborne pathogens. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 24:77-86.

A microarray approach for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens in food - (Abstract Only) - (01-Oct-09)

Rapid identification of Listeria spp.: an AOAC performance test of the MIT 1000 rapid microbial identification system - (Abstract Only) - (22-Aug-09)

Development of an oligonucleotide-based microarray to detect multiple foodborne pathogens - (Abstract Only) - (01-Mar-09)

Apparent Thixotropic Properties of Saline/Glycerol Drops with Biotinylated Antibodies on Streptavidin-Coated Glass Slides: Implications for Bacterial Capture on Antibody Microarrays - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Albin, D.M., Gehring, A.G., Reed, S.A., Tu, S. 2009. Apparent Thixotropic Properties of Saline/Glycerol Drops with Biotinylated Antibodies on Streptavidin-Coated Glass Slides: Implications for Bacterial Capture on Antibody Microarrays. Sensors. 9:995-1011.

Production of Shiga-like toxins by Escherichia coli O157:H7: Effects of other bacteria and analogues of quorum sensing molecules - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Uknalis, J., Paoli, G., He, Y., Gehring, A.G. 2009. Production of Shiga-like toxins by Escherichia coli O157:H7: Effects of other bacteria and analogues of quorum sensing molecules. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology.17(4):420-437.

Capture of E. coli O157:H7 using immunomagnetic beads of different size and antibody conjugating chemistry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Reed, S.A., Gehring, A.G., He, Y., Paoli, G. 2009. Capture of E. coli O157:H7 using immunomagnetic beads of different size and antibody conjugating chemistry. Sensors. 9:717-730.

Rapid Confirmation of Listeria spp. with the MIT 1000 Microbial Identification System - (Abstract Only) - (05-Oct-08)

Applications of Immunomagnetic Beads and Biosensors for Pathogen Detection in Produce - (Book / Chapter) - (15-Apr-08)

Applications of Immunomagnetic Capture and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Detection for Salmonella Enteritidis in Liquid Eggs - (Proceedings)

Tu, S., Gehring, A.G., Paoli, G. 2008. Applications of Immunomagnetic Capture and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Detection for Salmonella Enteritidis in Liquid Eggs. International Society of Optical Engineering (SPIE).6983:1-5 . Optical Engineering.

Detection of Salmonella Enteriditis from Egg Components Using Different Immunomagnetic Beads and Time-resolved Fluorescence - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Reed, S.A., Gehring, A.G., He, Y. 2008. Detection of Salmonella Enteriditis from Egg Components Using Different Immunomagnetic Beads and Time-resolved Fluorescence. Journal of Food Analytical Methods. Available:http://www.springerlink.com/content/68381p3740355j10/

Detection of Salmonella Enteriditis from egg components using different immunomagnetic beads and time–resolved fluorescence - (Abstract Only)

Tu, S., Reed, S.A., He, Y., Gehring, A.G. 2008. Detection of Salmonella Enteriditis from egg components using different immunomagnetic beads and time–resolved fluorescence. [Abstract]p.2-42.

An antibody microarray, in multiwell plate format, for multiplex screening of foodborne pathogenic bacteria and biomolecules - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Albin, D.M., Reed, S.A., Tu, S., Brewster, J.D. 2008. An antibody microarray, in multiwell plate format, for multiplex screening of foodborne pathogenic bacteria and biomolecules. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 391:497-506.

DETECTION OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN LIQUID EGGS BY IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE - (Abstract Only)

Tu, S., Gehring, A.G., Paoli, G. 2008. Detection of salmonella enteritidis in liquid eggs by immunomagnetic capture and time-resolved fluorescence. Meeting Abstract.Available: http://spie.org/x648.xml?product_id=786848&show/Abstracts=true&origin_id=x648&event_id=795339&start_at=41

Application of horse-radish peroxidase linked chemiluminescence to determine the production mechanism of Shiga-like toxins by E. coli O157:H7 - (Proceedings)

Tu, S., Uknalis, J., Gehring, A.G., He, Y. 2007. Application of horse-radish peroxidase linked chemiluminescence to determine the production mechanism of Shiga-like toxins by E. coli O157:H7. Proceedings of SPIE.#6761

Application of horse-radish peroxidase linked chemiluminescence to determine the production mechanism of Shiga-like toxins by E. coli O157:H7 - (Proceedings)

Tu, S., Uknalis, J., Gehring, A.G., He, Y. 2007. Application of horse-radish peroxidase linked chemiluminescence to determine the production mechanism of Shiga-like toxins by E. coli O157:H7. Proceedings of SPIE.6761:67610C-1-67610C-9.

Multiple Pathogen Detection Using Biosensors: Advancements and Challenges - (Abstract Only)

Tu, S., Gehring, A.G., Paoli, G. 2007. Multiple Pathogen Detection Using Biosensors: Advancements and Challenges. [Abstract]p.59

Protein-Based Microarray for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Albin, D.M. 2007. Protein-Based Microarray for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology. 15:49-66

Detection of salmonella in liquid eggs by immunomagnetic capture and time-resolved fluorescence - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Gehring, A.G., Paoli, G. 2007. Detection of salmonella in liquid eggs by immunomagnetic capture and time-resolved fluorescence. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology. 15:107-119

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOMAGNETIC CHEMILUMINESCENCE INCORPORATING ANTI-H7 AND ANTI-0157 ANTIBODIES FOR THE DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Irwin, P.L., Reed, S.A., Tu, S. 2006. Enzyme-linked immunomagnetic chemiluminescence incorporating anti-h7 and anti-0157 antibodies for the detection of escherichia coli 0157:h7. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology. 14:349-361.

DETECTION AND POTENTIAL IDENTIFICATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 USING A MICROPARTICLE-BASED CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY - (Abstract Only)

Gehring, A.G., Albin, D.M., Irwin, P.L., Tu, S. 2006. Detection and potential identification of escherichia coli 0157:H7 using a microparticle-based chemiluminescent immunoassay. Biosensors p. 101.

COMPARISON OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOMAGNETIC CHEMILUMINESCENT WITH USF DAS BAM METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Albin, D.M., Irwin, P.L., Reed, S.A., Tu, S. 2006. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunomagnetic chemiluminescent with usf das bam method for the detection of escherichia coli o157:h7. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 67:527-533.

SENSITIVE DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 BY THE USE OF IMMUNOMAGNETIC AND FLUORESCENT BEADS - (Abstract Only)

Tu, S., Cooke, P.H., Paoli, G., Gehring, A.G. 2006. Sensitive detection of escherichia coli 0157:h7 by the use of immunomagnetic and fluorescent beads. Meeting Abstract.

RAPID OXIDATIVE DEHAIRING WITH MAGNESIUM PEROXIDE AND POTASSIUM PEROXYMONOSULFATE - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Dudley, R.L., Mazenko, C.E., Marmer, W.N. 2006. Rapid oxidative dehairing with magnesium peroxide and potassium peroxymonosulfate. Journal of American Leather Chemists Association. 101(9):324-329.

DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 USING IMMUNO BEADS - (Proceedings)

Tu, S., Gehring, A.G. 2005. Detection of escherichia coli 0157:h7 using immuno beads. SPIE Proceedings. 5996:1-7.

DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 THROUGH THE FORMATION OF SANDWICHED COMPLEXES WITH IMMUNOMAGNETIC AND FLUORESCENT BEADS - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Golden, M., Cooke, P.H., Luce, L., Paoli, G., Gehring, A.G.2005 Detection of escherichia coli 0157:h7 through the formation of sandwiched complexes with immunomagnetic and fluorescent beads. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology. 13:269-282

BIOSENSOR-BASED PROCESSES FOR DETECTION OF BACTERIA IN THE FOOD PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT - (Abstract Only)

Tu, S., Gehring, A.G., Paoli, G. 2005. Biosensor-based processes for detection of bacteria in the food processing environment. International Food Technology Meeting Abstracts. Paper No. 6-4.

LUMINESCENT METHODS TO DETECT VIABLE AND TOTAL TARGETED ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 SPIKED IN GROUND BEEF - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Uknalis, J., Yamashoji, S., Gehring, A.G., Irwin, P.L. 2005. Luminescent methods to detect viable and total targeted escherichia coli 0157:h7 spiked in ground beef. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology. 2005. 13. pp. 57-70.

DETECTING PATHOGENS IN CATTLE AND MEAT - (Book / Chapter)

Fratamico, P.M., Gehring, A.G., Karns, J.S., Van Kessel, J.S. 2005. Detecting pathogens in cattle and meat. Book Chapter. Improving the Safety of Fresh Meat, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK pg:25-55

BIOENERGETIC CONFIRMATION OF VIABLE PATHOGENS IN FOODS BY ATP-BIOLUMINESCENCE - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Gehring, A.G., Irwin, P.L. 2005. Bioenergetic confirmation of viable pathogens in foods by atp-bioluminescence. Luminescence. p. 445-448.

OPTICAL METHODS FOR DETECTING ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 SPIKED ON CANTALOUPES - (Proceedings)

Tu, S., Uknalis, J., Gehring, A.G. 2004. Optical methods for detecting escherichia coli 0157:h7 spiked on cantaloupes. Proceedings of SPIE. 5587. pp. 183-189.

TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE DETECTION OF TOXINS AND PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN FOODS - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Golden, M., Paoli, G., Gore, M., Gehring, A.G. 2004. Time-resolved fluorescence detection of toxins and pathogenic bacteria in foods. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology. 12. pp. 247-258.

DETECTION OF VIABLE BACTERIA CELLS BY BIOLUMINESCENCE: A BIOENERGETIC APPROACH - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Tu, S., Wijey, C., Paoli, G., Gehring, A.G., Irwin, P.L. 2004. Detection of viable bacteria cells by bioluminescence: a bioenergetic approach. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology. V.12, #3, p. 207-219.

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOMAGNETIC ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION OF LIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 IN APPLE JUICE - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Tu, S. 2005. Enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemical detection of live escherichia coli 0157:h7 in apple juice. Journal of Food Protection. 2005. p.146-149.

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOMAGNETIC CHEMILUMINESCENT DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Gehring, A.G., Irwin, P.L., Reed, S.A., Tu, S., Andreotti, P.E., Akhavan-Tafti, H., Handley, R.S. 2004. Enzyme-linked immunomagnetic chemiluminescent detection of escherichia coli 0157:h7. Journal of Immunological Methods 293. 2004. p. 97-106.

OPTICAL METHODS FOR DETECTING E. COLI 0157:H7 SPIKED ON CANTALOUPES - (Abstract Only)

Tu, S., Uknalis, J., Gehring, A.G. 2004. Optical methods for detecting e. coli 0157:h7 spiked on cantaloupes. International Society for Optical Engineering. Paper No. 6-183.

TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE DETECTION OF SHIGA-LIKE TOXINS PRODUCED BY ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157 AND NON-0157 IN GROUND BEEF - (Abstract Only)

Tu, S., Golden, M., Paoli, G., Gehring, A.G., Gore, M. 2004. Time-resolved fluorescence detection of shiga-like toxins produced by escherichia coli 0157 and non-0157 in ground beef. Meeting Abstract.

BLOCKING NON-SPECIFIC ADSORPTION OF NATIVE FOOD-BORNE MICROORGANISMS BY IMMUNO-MAGNETIC BEADS WITH IOTA-CARRAGEENAN - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

IRWIN, P.L., GEHRING, A.G., TU, S., CHEN, C. BLOCKING NON-SPECIFIC ADSORPTION OF NATIVE FOOD-BORNE MICROORGANISMS BY IMMUNO-MAGNETIC BEADS WITH IOTA-CARRAGEENAN. CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH. 2004. V. 339(3) pg. 613-621

RAPID DETECTION OF OUTBREAK ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157 AND SALMONELLA IN ALFALFA SPROUTS BY IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND TIME-RESOLVED FLOURESCENCE - (Abstract Only)

TU, S., FETT, W.F., GEHRING, A.G., IRWIN, P.L. RAPID DETECTION OF OUTBREAK ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157 AND SALMONELLA IN ALFALFA SPROUTS BY IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND TIME-RESOLVED FLOURESCENCE. MEETING ABSTRACT. 2003.

APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE TO DETECT OUTBREAK ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157 AND SALMONELLA IN ALFALFA SPROUTS - (Proceedings)

TU, S., FETT, W.F., GEHRING, A.G., IRWIN, P.L. APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE TO DETECT OUTBREAK ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157 AND SALMONELLA IN ALFALFA SPROUTS. Proceedings of SPIE. 2003. V. 5271.

KINETIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE BACTERIAL CAPTURE EFFICIENCY OF IMMUNO BEADS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN BEADS WITH DIFFERENT SIZE AND DENSITY - (Abstract Only)

TU, S., IRWIN, P.L., GEHRING, A.G. KINETIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE BACTERIAL CAPTURE EFFICIENCY OF IMMUNO BEADS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN BEADS WITH DIFFERENT SIZE AND DENSITY. MEETING ABSTRACT. 2003.

RAPID DETECTION OF OUTBREAK ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157 ADN SALMONELLA IN ALFALFA SPROUTS BY IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

TU, S., GOLDEN, M., FETT, W.F., GEHRING, A.G., IRWIN, P.L. RAPID DETECTION OF OUTBREAK ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157 ADN SALMONELLA IN ALFALFA SPROUTS BY IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE. JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY.

RAPID OXIDATIVE UNHAIRING WITH ALKALINE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

MARMER, W.N., DUDLEY, R.L., GEHRING, A.G. RAPID OXIDATIVE UNHAIRING WITH ALKALINE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION. Vol. 98. p. 351-358.

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOMAGNETIC CHEMILUMINESCENT DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 - (Abstract Only)

GEHRING, A.G., IRWIN, P.L., REED, S.A., TU, S. ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOMAGNETIC CHEMILUMINESCENT DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7. PITTSBURGH CONFERENCE. 2003.

SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN FOODS USING IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND LANTHANIDE TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE - (Abstract Only)

TU, S., GOLDEN, M., IRWIN, P.L., GEHRING, A.G., FEDER, I.E. SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN FOODS USING IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND LANTHANIDE TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE. PITTSBURGH CONFERENCE. 2003.

REVERSED PHASE HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF PORCINE BILE IN SATURATED BRINE MIXTURES - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

GEHRING, A.G., BAILEY, D.G., CAVENG, R.F., VREELAND, R.H. A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BILE SALTS IN COMPLEX TANNING BRINES BY RPHPLC. JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES. 2003. VOL. 26, NO. 7, p. 1041-1050.

IMPROVED HIDE QUALITY AND RAPID UNHAIRING - (Proceedings)

Gehring, A.G., Bailey, D.G., Crowther, J.C., Dimaio, G.L., Dudley, R.L., Marmer, W.N. 2003. Improved hide quality and rapid unhairing. Proceedings of the 27th Congress of the International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies. p. 66-88.

RAPID OXIDATIVE UNHAIRING WITH ALKALINE CALCIUM PEROXIDE - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

GEHRING, A.G., BAILEY, D.G., DIMAIO, G.L., DUDLEY, R.L., MARMER, W.N., MAZENKO, C.E. RAPID OXIDATIVE UNHAIRING WITH ALKALINE CALCIUM PEROXIDE. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION. VOL. 98, 2003. p. 216-223.

EVIDENCE FOR BUOYANCY-DEPENDENT IMB-SALMONELLA COMPLEX LOSSES DURING MAGNETIC PHASE SEPARATION - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

IRWIN, P.L., FORTIS, L.L., CHAU, L.I., GEHRING, A.G., TU, S. EVIDENCE FOR BUOYANCY-DEPENDENT IMB-SALMONELLA COMPLEX LOSSES DURING MAGNETIC PHASE SEPARATION. JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY. 2002.