Dr. James Campbell Research Entomologist Stored Product Insect Research Unit Center for Grain & Animal Health Research 1515 College Ave. Manhattan, KS 66502 Voice: (785) 776-2717 Fax: (785) 537-5584 james.campbell@ars.usda.gov www.ars.usda.gov/npa/cgahr/spiru/campbell

Jim Campbell is a Research Entomologist with the USDA ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research in Manhattan, KS. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees from Rutgers University and a Ph.D. in Entomology from the University of California-Davis. His research interests include the behavior of stored product insects and their natural enemies and how the use of behavioral information can improve the management of insect pests.

Evaluation of Structural Fumigation Efficacy for Management of the Red Flour Beetle
Fumigation of food processing and storage structures with methyl bromide for the control of stored-product insect pests has been a commonly used tool for many years. However, methyl bromide has been identified as an ozone depleting substance, and most of its applications are being phased out worldwide under an international treaty called the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This process has triggered a need to evaluate the impact of methyl bromide fumigations on pest populations as a baseline, and then to assess the impact of other treatments to determine if they are viable alternatives. The red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is a major pest of wheat and rice mills, and its management has relied heavily on fumigation with methyl bromide. However, there was little information on pest population dynamics and impact of fumigations within food processing facilities. Recent research has focused on the evaluation of fumigation efficacy in commercial mills – of both methyl bromide and an alternative fumigant sulfuryl fluoride – and how the need to fumigate could be reduced through other integrated pest management strategies. Red flour beetle was monitored using pheromone and food-baited traps placed both inside and outside the mills over multiple years at multiple mill locations to obtain the data needed for this type of analysis.

Although superficially wheat and rice mills have much in common and share the same primary pest, the population dynamics of red flour beetle were very different between the two mill types. Analysis of seasonal patterns in pest activity in wheat mills indicated that populations persisted and continued to increase all year round, although the rate of increase was less in the winter. This was because high enough temperatures were maintained inside all year round to support pest development. Immigration of beetles into the mill from outside sources also appeared to be relatively low in wheat mills. Analysis of this monitoring data also identified threshold values below which beetle captures in traps did not change significantly between monitoring periods, suggesting that this might be a useful management target to reduce risk. In rice mills, beetle captures inside were more seasonal, with greatly reduced activity in the winter months. Captures of beetles outside was greater and captures inside and outside the mill were positively correlated. Traps placed in areas where rough rice is stored prior to milling often indicated high levels of red flour beetle activity, and this is a potential source of immigrants into the mill. Unlike in the wheat mill data, inside temperatures in the rice mills followed outside temperatures all year round and thus were not favorable for red flour beetle development or movement during much of the winter. These differences in population dynamics and spatial distribution inside and outside the mill could impact fumigation effectiveness.

The immediate impact of a fumigation was assessed by comparing the number of beetles captured in the monitoring period before treatment with those captured in the period immediately after treatment. This change will reflect the decrease due to treatment mortality, but also immigration of new beetles following treatment. In the wheat mill data, the mean number of beetles per trap decreased by 85% following fumigation with methyl bromide, with most fumigation events providing a high level of pest reduction. Beetle captures immediately after fumigation were positively related with those in the period immediately prior to fumigation, which indicates that the higher pest levels are allowed to build prior to treatment the greater the numbers present after treatment will be, and this can lead to more rapid rebound post-treatment. The season that the fumigation was performed did not impact immediate reduction in captures. This suggests that immigration was not a significant contributor to pest activity immediately after treatment. In rice mills using sulfuryl fluoride as an alternative fumigant to methyl bromide, fumigations led to an average 66% reduction in captures of red flour beetle adults, and the percent reduction was highly variable. Unlike in wheat mills, reduction in captures after fumigation was related to outside temperature conditions, which could be due to the tighter association between inside and outside temperatures and/or the influence on beetle movement into the mill. Thus, this difference in immediate reduction in captures between the fumigants is probably due less to differences in fumigant type and more to differences in pest populations between the two mill types.

Rebound in red flour beetle captures after fumigation was also evaluated, and in wheat mills it was found that time of year fumigation was performed and integrated pest management practices performed within the mill after fumigation both significantly impacted rebound time. However, in rice mills beetle captures tended to increase and decrease independently of fumigations, which made rebound patterns difficult to evaluate. Unlike in wheat mills, rebound rate in rice mills was not associated with beetle capture levels prior to fumigation, which suggests that immigration was a significant contributor to post-treatment levels. Overall, captures of beetles in traps rebounded more slowly in rice mills than in wheat mills. Potential differences in rebound due to differences in egg mortality between the two fumigants could not be assessed because of these strong seasonal patterns in immigration and development in rice mills.

These results suggest a fundamental difference in red flour beetle population dynamics and structure between wheat and rice mills, which in turn impacts fumigation effectiveness. They also suggest how treatment efficacy can be evaluated and how monitoring programs might be used to indicate the need to fumigate. Management of rebound rate and keeping pest captures below threshold levels may provide a way to reduce the frequency of fumigations or eliminate fumigations completely. As methyl bromide becomes less available and as fumigation costs increase, use of monitoring information to guide integrated pest management programs is likely to become of increasing importance.

Red Flour Beetle Interactions with Pheromone Traps
Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is a major pest of flour mills and other food processing facilities. Pheromone traps that capture walking insects are widely used for monitoring this pest inside food processing facilities to aid in making pest management decisions. These traps are typically baited with aggregation pheromone and food-based attractants, but anecdotal reports suggest that response of red flour beetle to these attractants is not very strong. A current research focus has been on evaluating beetle response to these traps with the goals of improving the attractiveness of traps, selection of locations to place traps, and interpretation of monitoring programs.

Although commercial pheromone lures have long been used for monitoring of populations of flour beetles, no one has ever determined either the site of production in the beetle’s body or the natural blend of components (stereoisomers) in the attractant actually produced by the insect, and there is evidence that the commercial blend is not optimized for maximum attractive potency. We showed that the natural pheromone is produced in the abdominal epidermis (outer layer of the “skin”), and is composed of a 4:4:1:1 ratio of four forms of the pheromone (4,8-dimethyldecanal). We also demonstrated that this natural blend is significantly more attractive than the commercial pheromone blend, which is a 1:1:0:0 ratio of the four forms. Using the natural ratio could lead to significant improvements in flour beetle detection in mills and warehouses. Research is now focused on further characterizing the response of beetles to this natural blend.

How well pheromone and food attractants used in traps work under real world conditions has not been previously evaluated. Using a new experimental protocol that simulates how beetles interact with traps in commercial food facilities, we demonstrated that the beetle’s response was strongest to traps baited with pheromone and food attractant, or with pheromone alone, when air flowed from the trap toward the beetle. The beetle’s positive response to traps baited with pheromone and food attractant extended out to a distance of 90 cm (35 inches), the maximum distance tested. However, under still air conditions, beetles did not respond to any of the tested attractants. Within food processing facilities, traps can be placed in sheltered locations with limited air movement or in more exposed areas with high amounts of airflow, with the result that traps may vary in their attractiveness to red flour beetles. Understanding how beetle behavior is influenced by factors such as attractant type and airflow can help guide the selection and placement of traps within a food facility. Research is now focused on evaluation of additional factors that could impact beetle response to traps.

Variation among environmental and physical conditions among locations where traps are placed inside food processing facilities can potentially influence both the distribution of stored-product pests and the effectiveness of traps at capturing them. Data from a long-term red flour beetle monitoring program was used to evaluate spatial variation in captures among trap locations and to determine if differences in environmental and physical conditions at trap locations might be influencing the patterns of trap captures. Evaluating long-term patterns in red flour beetle captures revealed that while over short periods of time beetles were more likely to be found in certain areas of the mill, over longer periods of time areas of greater insect activity moved around the mill resulting in long-term averages that were more uniform among trap locations. Although the characteristics of individual trap locations were found to be highly variable, only warmer temperatures, higher flour dust accumulation, and proximity of milling equipment were associated with traps with high levels of beetle capture. Results indicate that while the environment appeared to have some influence over pattern in beetle captures it was limited, probably because broader patterns of change in distribution within the mill over time, perhaps related to season or increase in total abundance, were more important. Research is now focused on evaluating some of these factors under laboratory conditions and further evaluation of these factors in other food facilities. (Collaborators: Michael Aikins, Kazuaki Akasaka, Dick Beeman, Yujie Lu, Kenji Mori, Yoonseong Park, Tom Phillips, Altair Semeao, Phil Sloderbeck, Shigeyuki Tamogami, and Jeff Whitworth )

Influence of Flour Residue on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Response to Traps Baited With Pheromone and Kairomone

The red flour beetle is a major pest of flour mills and is typically monitored using traps that capture walking individuals, but the accumulation of flour on surfaces has the potential to influence beetle movement and response to traps. Different landscape patterns of a thin layer of flour residue were created that represented different patterns of surface coverage, and the response of individual beetles to traps baited with attractants (aggregation pheromone and food oil) or traps with no attractants was evaluated. There were no differences in number of beetles finding traps with attractants versus those without attractants on any of the landscapes alone or when all the landscapes were combined. However, on the combined fragmented landscapes, those with the flour divided into multiple small cells, greater numbers of beetles found traps with attractants (78%) than traps without (50%). When the flour was distributed into fewer and large groupings (clumped) there was no difference in beetles finding traps with and without attractants. The mechanism for this is not clear at this point since analysis of beetle movement did not reveal corresponding differences. The results suggest that the pattern of thin layers of flour residue can influence beetle captures in traps, with fragmented patterns in flour accumulation potentially increasing beetle response to traps, and this could impact the interpretation of pheromone monitoring programs.
     

How Varying Pest and Trap Densities Affect Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Capture in Pheromone Traps

The red flour beetle is an important insect pest of facilities which process and store grain. Integrated pest management frequently includes monitoring populations using traps that capture walking individuals. However, fundamental questions remain about the most effective way to implement monitoring programs and interpret monitoring data to estimate beetle density. Using experiments conducted in room-sized chambers where beetle density and number of traps could be controlled, we found that the number of individuals captured in traps increased as density of beetles increased, but the percentage of individuals captured remained constant. Applying a mathematical equation to estimate beetle density based on captures in traps, we found that a trap density of 4 traps per chamber (1 trap per 80 square feet) yielded the most accurate estimate of beetle density. The more traps placed in the chamber the greater the captures of beetles, but when trap density increased beyond 3 traps per chamber (1 trap per 108 square feet) the increases in beetle captures with each additional trap diminished to the point where there was little justification for the increased costs. This is the first scientific information available to guide the number of traps needed to monitor red flour beetles effectively and to estimate beetle density based on captures in traps.
     

Distribution, Abundance, and Seasonal Patterns of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) in a Commercial Food Storage Facility

The Indianmeal moth is a major pest of stored food products, but there are few studies where resident populations have been monitored for more than one year in commercial facilities. We monitored Indianmeal moth populations inside a food warehouse for three years using an attractant for male moths. The focal points of infestation shifted during the storage period, but moths were consistently trapped in certain locations. Also, we caught moths in traps that were in places where no food was stored. In general, more moths were caught during the summer months compared to the remainder of the year. Cost estimates for the monitoring program were calculated using values provided by private industry. We used these values to show how reducing the number of traps could provide information on infestation trends while lowering the costs associated with insect monitoring. Results show the importance of monitoring for Indianmeal moths, but also emphasize the dynamic nature of insect infestations inside an active warehouse.
     

Assessing Effects of Esfenvalerate Aerosol Applications on Resident Populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the Red Flour Beetle, Through Direct and Indirect Sampling

Aerosol insecticides are used to control red flour beetles in flour mills, but there is little information on how these aerosols affect resident beetle populations. We conducted studies by placing food (flour) containing different life stages of beetles underneath metal shelves inside small sheds. The sheds were either untreated or sprayed every 2 or 4 weeks with the labeled rate of the pesticide esfenvalerate, trade name Conquer. The aerosol treatments did not affect the population development in the flour. However, there were more dead beetles in the treatments compared to the controls, and more live beetles in pheromone traps in the controls compared to the treatments. Results show that although the aerosol applications reduced overall insect numbers, the presence of available food material allowed for continued population development.
     

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Stored-Product Pests around Food Processing and Storage Facilities

Stored-product insects can be found outside of facilities where grain is stored and processed, and these populations can potentially serve as a reservoir and source of food product infestation. Identifying the pattern of distribution of pest species and the factors that determine distribution could help in the targeting of monitoring and pest management programs. Pests were monitored using two types of food-baited traps at three food facilities, and the species captured were a mixture of both important grain and processed food pests and fungal feeding species more commonly associated with degraded grain. Although the types of insects captured were similar between inside and outside locations, more were captured per trap inside and fungal feeding species were proportionally more abundant outside. Features of the landscape around each outside trap were characterized to see which might predict locations with more insect activity. Increased captures in outside traps were primarily associated with proximity to buildings, but surprisingly not associated with presence of food spillage. Overall, there was evidence of considerable movement of insects in the landscape surrounding facilities, resulting in limited spatial pattern other than localized hot spots inside or near structures that varied in location overtime. This study presents a methodology for evaluation of external populations at food facilities, highlights the importance of understanding pest populations over larger spatial scales, and provides insight into where monitoring and pest management tactics need to be focused.
     

Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Associated With Rice Mills: Fumigation Efficacy and Population Rebound

The red flour beetle is the most important insect pest infesting rice milling facilities in the U.S. While this pest has traditionally been managed by fumigation with methyl bromide, this fumigant is currently being phased out under the 1987 Montreal Protocol. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sulfuryl fluoride (SF), an alternative to methyl bromide, in managing red flour beetle infestations in rice mills. Red flour beetle populations in and around seven rice mills were monitored before and after 25 fumigations with SF. Beetle populations were estimated by the number of adults captured in pheromone traps. The SF fumigations led to an average of 66% reduction in captures of red flour beetle adults. Beetle captures at the rice mills were strongly influenced by seasonal changes in temperature, with more beetles being captured during the warmer months and fewer during the cooler months. In addition, red flour beetle captures in traps located inside mills were positively correlated with captures in traps located outside of the mill. Seasonal temperature fluctuations also strongly impacted the length of time required for captures to return to pre-fumigation levels. Similar studies in wheat flour mills did not share the seasonal patterns or correlation between captures inside and outside the mills. These results highlight the importance of treatment timing in maximizing fumigation efficacy in rice mills and suggest there is a fundamental difference in red flour beetle population dynamics and in the impact of fumigation between wheat and rice mills.
     

Attraction of Walking Tribolium castaneum Adults to Traps

The red flour beetle is a major pest of food processing facilities, and its activity can be monitored using traps baited with pheromone and food odor attractants. How well these attractants work under real world conditions has not been previously evaluated, although anecdotal reports from users suggest that beetles are not highly responsive. Using a new experimental protocol that simulates how beetles interact with traps in commercial food facilities, it was demonstrated that beetle response was strongest to traps baited with pheromone and food attractant, or with pheromone alone, when air flowed from the trap toward the beetle. The beetle’s positive response to pheromone and food attractant baited traps extended out to a distance of 35 inches, the maximum distance tested. However, under still air conditions beetles did not respond to any of the tested attractants. Within food processing facilities, traps are often placed in sheltered locations with limited air movement, with the result that traps may have limited attractiveness to red flour beetles. Understanding the role of air movement on the response of this important pest could improve the interpretation of monitoring programs and guide the optimal placement of traps within a facility.
     

Tribolium castaneum Behavior Near Pheromone Traps

The use of spatial information from pheromone monitoring programs for making pest management decisions in food facilities is complicated by environmental influences on trap capture and need to be taken into account when implementing and interpreting pheromone monitoring programs.
     Poster

An Agent-Based Model for Simulating Red Flour Beetle Movement and Population Dynamics

Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is a common insect pest infesting flour mills. Over the last 80 years, dozens of mathematical models have been developed to simulate its population dynamics. However, while these models predict general population trends, they are not able to simulate individual behavior and movement, and most don’t include a spatial dimension. We built an agent-based model to explicitly represent individual beetles, fragmented landscapes, and the interactions between beetles as well as the interactions between beetles and their environment. Our model can be easily adjusted to different flour landscapes and different scales. The population dynamics, age structure, spatial distribution and movement behaviors are investigated in this agent-based model.
     Poster

Beetle Immigration into Foundation Seed Warehouses

Understanding and eliminating routes of insect immigration into grain storage and processing facilities will provide new opportunities for targeted pest management. Stored-product Coleoptera were captured on unbaited rodent glue boards positioned on the floor, along the sides, and above overhead doors in Foundation Seed Warehouses located in Kansas and Nebraska. Traps were examined and replaced weekly from May through October 2004. To examine the effects of exclusion in paired tests, exterior rubber door gaskets were installed on one side of a door in Kansas and both doors in Nebraska. Species captured included the lesser grain borer, foreign grain beetle, rusty grain beetle, hairy fungus beetle, rice weevil and red flour beetle. When rubber gaskets were installed at the Kansas location, insect captures were concentrated at or near ground level suggesting that pest management efforts, such as residual spray applications, should be focused in these areas.
     Poster

Detection of Stored-Grain Insect Infestation in Wheat Transported in Railroad Hopper-Cars

The specific objectives of this study were to determine (1) if IDK counts are indicative of insect infestation levels; (2) the age structure of the insect population in the infested railcars; and (3) the spatial distribution of insects and IDK in the grain mass.
     Research Paper      Poster

Efficacy of Aerosols for Managing the Red Flour Beetle

Pest management professionals commonly utilize aerosolized liquid applications, also known as fogging, for management of stored-product insects including the red flour beetle. These applications are part of a potential methyl bromide replacement technology because they may increase the time interval between structural fumigations or heat treatments. The objectives of this study were to examine influence of flour accumulation, exposure location , life stage, and insecticide on the efficacy of aerosol applications. Data show that aerosolized insecticide applications in dishes without food residues placed in the open produced the highest red flour beetle mortality. Conversely, mortality significantly decreased with food and exposure under pallets.
     Poster

Flight Activity of the Lesser Grain Borer Near Certified Seed Facilities

Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), lesser grain borer (LGB), is a serious pest of stored grain and grain processing facilities throughout temperate regions of the US. Foundation-certified seed stock facilities currently rely on application of chlorpyrifos-methyl directly to seed, applications of contact insecticides around the warehouse perimeter, and annual warehouse fumigation to manage this pest. The most common formulation of chlorpyrifos-methyl labeled for use on stored grain will no longer be available starting in 2005. To develop an IPM program for these facilities, LGB flight activity in and around a Kansas warehouse and the primary routes of insect immigration were studied. Results are broadly applicable to any grain storage or processing facility.
     Poster

Fumigation Impact on Stored Product Insects in a Grain Processing Facility

Stored product insect pests reduce the quality of stored grain and processed grain products around the world. Losses to processed grain products are difficult to quantify but are undoubtedly greater because these products are more valuable yet have a lower pest tolerance than raw commodities. Insect management is important not only to maintain consumer confidence, but also because federal laws regulate insect presence in processing facilities and insect fragments in processed goods. Fumigation is the primary tool used to manage these insect infestations.
     Poster

Patch Utilization by the Red Flour Beetle ( Tribolium castaneum)

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is a major pest of flour mills and other food processing and storage facilities. The landscape of food processing and storage structures is a patchwork of unfavorable habitats and favorable habitats of varying quality and persistence. Understanding patch use behavior will help improve the management of pest populations in food processing and storage facilities.
     Research Paper      Poster

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Stored-Product Insect Flight Activity in a Kansas Landscape

Immigration of stored-product insects into food processing and storage facilities can be an important source of infestation. Although large numbers of stored-product insects can be captured outside food facilities, the sources of these insects and seasonal patterns to their flight activity are not well understood. In this study, seasonal patterns of outside flight activity were evaluated in a variety of habitat types in Kansas using pheromone traps. Temporal and spatial patterns of trap capture were determined for different pest species and habitat types. This information can be used to develop hypotheses about important source populations and recommendations about periods of time when facilities are susceptible to pest immigration.
     Poster

Stored Product Insects in a Flour Mill: Population Dynamics, Spatial Distribution, Dispersal Behavior and Implications for Pest Management

Methyl bromide is still widely used in food processing and storage facilities for the suppression of stored-product insect pests, but its use is scheduled to be phased out as part of the Montreal Protocol. Development of alternative tactics has been hampered by limited information available about pest population dynamics and spatial distribution at food facilities, fumigation efficacy, mechanisms by which populations rebound, and even how best to monitor pest populations. It is likely that many stored-product insect populations are made up of sub-populations interconnected by dispersal, therefore an important factor in evaluating management programs is to determine over what spatial scale these sub-populations are interacting. Pheromone trapping holds a great deal of promise as a monitoring tool, but because it captures dispersing individuals the relationship between pheromone trap capture and source populations needs to be established.
     Poster

News, Miscellaneous

Kansas Scientist Honored for Work Tracking Pantry Pests

Insect Pests Find Pet Stores Irresistible

PDF	Arthur, F.H., J.F. Campbell, and M.D. Toews. 2013. Distribution, abundance, and seasonal patterns of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) in a commercial food storage facility. J. Stored Prod. Res. 53: 7-14.
PDF	Arthur, F.H., J.F. Campbell, E.A. Fontenot, and M.D. Toews. 2013. Assessing effects of esfenvalerate aerosol applications on resident populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, through direct and indirect sampling. J. Stored Prod. Res. 53: 1-6.
PDF	Buckman, K.A., and J.F. Campbell. 2013. How varying pest and trap densities affect Tribolium castaneum capture in pheromone traps. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 146: 404-412.
PDF	Buckman, K.A., J.F. Campbell, and B. Subramanyam. 2013. Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) associated with rice mills: Fumigation efficacy and population rebound. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 499-512.
PDF	Campbell, J.F. 2013. Influence of landscape pattern in flour residue amount and distribution on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) response to traps baited with pheromone and kairomone. J. Stored Prod. Res. 52: 112-117.
PDF	Semeao, A.A., J.F. Campbell, J.M.S. Hutchinson, R.J. Whitworth and P.E. Sloderbeck. 2013. Spatio-temporal distribution of stored-product insects around food processing and storage facilities. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 165: 151-162.
PDF	Campbell, J.F. 2012. Attraction of walking Tribolium castaneum adults to traps. Environ. Entomol. 51: 11-22.
	Campbell, J.F., J. Perez-Mendoza, and J. Weier. 2012. Insect pest management decisions in food processing facilities, p. 219-233. In Hagstrum, D.W., T.W. Phillips, and G. Cuperus (eds.). Stored Product Protection. Kansas State University S156, Manhattan, KS.
PDF	Cohnstaedt, L.W., K. Rochon, A.J. Duehl, J.F. Anderson, R. Barrera, N-Y. Su, A.C. Gerry, P.J. Obenauer, J.F. Campbell, T.J. Lysk, and S.A. Allan. 2012. Arthropod surveillance programs: Basic components, strategies, and analysis. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 105: 135-149.
PDF	Flinn, P.W., and J.F. Campbell. 2012. Effects of flour conditioning on cannibalism of T. castaneum eggs and pupae. Environ. Entomol. 41: 1501-1504.
PDF	Semeao, A.A., J.F. Campbell, R.J. Whitworth, and P.E. Sloderbeck. 2012. Influence of environmental and physical factors on capture of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in a flour mill. J. Econ. Entomol. 105: 686-702.
PDF	Semeo, A.A., J.F. Campbell, R.W. Beeman, M.D. Lorenzen, R.J. Whitworth, and P.E. Sloderbeck. 2012. Genetic structure of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) populations in mills. Environ. Entomol. 41: 188-199.
PDF	Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., E.E. Lewis, J.F. Campbell, and D.B. Kim-Shapiro. 2012. Directional movement of entomopathogenic nematodes in response to electrical field: effects of species, magnitude of voltage, and infective juvenile age. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 109: 34-40.
PDF	Arthur, F.H., E.A. Fontenot, and J.F. Campbell. 2011. Evaluation of catmint oil and hydrogenated catmint oil as repellents for the flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum. J. Insect Sci. 11(128), 9 pp.
	Campbell, J.F. 2011. Evaluation of factors impacting trap captures of red flour beetle, pp. 57-62. In Athanassiou, C.G., C. Adler, and P. Trematerra (eds.). Proceedings for the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants West Palaearctic Region Section Working Group on Integrated Protection of Stored Products, June 29-July 2, 2009, Campobasso, Italy. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 69.
PDF	Lu, Y., R.W. Beeman, J.F. Campbell, Y. Park, M.J. Aikins, K. Mori, K. Akasaka, S. Tamogami, and T.W. Phillips. 2011. Anatomical localization and stereoisomeric composition of Tribolium castaneum aggregation pheromones. Naturwissenschaften 98: 755-761.
PDF	Nachappa, P., D.C. Margolies, J.R. Nechols, and J.F. Campbell. 2011. Variation in predator foraging behaviour changes predator-prey spatio-temporal dynamics. Funct. Ecol. 25: 1309-1317.
PDF	Perez-Mendoza, J., J.F. Campbell, and J.E. Throne. 2011. Influence of age, mating status, sex, quantity of food, and long-term food deprivation on red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) flight initiation. J. Econ. Entomol. 104: 2078-2086.
PDF	Perez-Mendoza, J., J.F. Campbell, and J.E. Throne. 2011. Effects of rearing density, age, sex, and food deprivation on flight initiation of the red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 104: 433-451.
PDF	Semeao, A.A., J.C. Campbell, R.J. Whitworth, and P.E. Sloderbeck. 2011. Response of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum adults to vertical black shapes and its potential to improve trap capture. J. Stored Prod. Res. 47: 88-94.
PDF	Sutton, A.E., F.H. Arthur, K.Y. Zhu, J.F. Campbell, and L.W. Murray. 2011. Residual efficacy of synergized pyrethrin + methoprene aerosol against larvae of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 47: 399-406.
Available at NAL DR	Campbell, J.F., M.D. Toews, F.H. Arthur, and R.T. Arbogast. 2010. Structural fumigation efficacy against Tribolium castaneum in flour mills. In M.O. Carvalho et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June to 2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany. pp. 352-357.
PDF	Campbell, J.F., M.D. Toews, F.H. Arthur, and R.T. Arbogast. 2010. Long-term monitoring of Tribolium castaneum in two flour mills: seasonal patterns and impact of fumigation. J. Econ. Entomol. 103: 991-1001.
PDF	Campbell, J.F., M.D. Toews, F.H. Arthur, and R.T. Arbogast. 2010. Long-term monitoring of Tribolium castaneum populations in two flour mills: rebound after fumigation. J. Econ. Entomol. 103: 1002-1011.
PDF	Cheng, L.L., J.R. Nechols, D.C. Margolies, J.F. Campbell, and P.S. Yang. 2010. Assessment of prey preference by the mass-produced generalist predator, Mallada basali (Walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), when offered two species of spider mites, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida and Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on papaya. Biol. Control 53: 267-272.
	Flinn, P.W., J.F. Campbell, J.E. Throne, and B. Subramanyam. 2010. Simulation model of the red flour beetle in flour mills. In M.O. Carvalho et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June to 2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany. pp. 953-955. (Link to article *)
PDF	Guedes, N.M.P., R.N.C. Guedes, J.F. Campbell, and J.E. Throne. 2010. Contest behaviour of maize weevil larvae when competing within seeds. Anim. Behav. 79: 281-289.
	Hartzer, M., B. Subramanyam, W. Chayaprasert, D.E. Maier, S. Savoldelli, J.F. Campbell, and P.W. Flinn. 2010. Methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride effectiveness against red flour beetle life stages. In M.O. Carvalho et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June to 2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany. pp. 365-370. (Link to article *)
PDF	Romero, S.A., J.F. Campbell, J.R. Nechols, and K.A. With. 2010. Movement behavior of red flour beetle: response to habitat cues and patch boundaries. Environ. Entomol. 39: 919-929.
	Semeao, A.A., J.F. Campbell, R.W. Beeman, R.J. Whitworth, P.E. Sloderbeck, and M.D. Lorenzen. 2010. Genetic structure of Tribolium castaneum populations in mills. In M.O. Carvalho et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June to 2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany. pp. 85-89. (Link to article *)
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