Diapers for On-the-Run Livestock

In the spring of 1998, some of the lambs frolicking on steep, grassy West Virginia hillsides wore diapers—toddler size.

They wore them for only a few days, with frequent changes. But their unusual attire was part of ARS animal scientist Kenneth E. Turner's data collection method for comparing the nutritive value of various legume-grass combinations for grazing livestock. The lamb's "playpen" was a fenced-off pasture at ARS' Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center in Beaver, West Virginia.

The research, which Turner also plans for beef cattle and goats, is designed to measure nitrogen lost from the sheep. Knowing how much is excreted by animals in urine and feces helps him and his colleagues recommend the best combinations of plants and livestock.

The nitrogen measurements enable him to figure out how thoroughly the animals digest the plants and how much of the plant protein is used in making lean muscle for beef cattle, goats, and sheep.

Another concern: Wasted protein, in nitrogen form, becomes a contaminant if it is converted to nitrate and winds up in groundwater. "We want to help farmers control nitrogen losses to the environment at the source—the animal's diet," says Turner.

"In several years of research, we have so far found that livestock contribute significant amounts of nitrogen and other nutrients to pasture land through their urine and feces," Turner says. "This needs to be credited to the overall nutrient management plan for a farm before adding commercial fertilizer," he says. "By using more intensive grazing methods—such as dividing larger pastures into several smaller paddocks and moving livestock to new paddocks more often—we can more evenly distribute urine and feces in pastures as livestock graze. This prevents manure nutrients from being concentrated around watering troughs and trees used for shade by livestock."

The diapers, which at first were placed over the genitalia of male lambs, were wrung out to collect urine. The animals also wore a canvas bag that collected feces.

But the diapers didn't work as well as hoped; lambs apparently frolic more than toddlers. So, in spring 1999, Turner switched to female lambs fitted with a urinary catheter bag hooked to the fecal bag, which was strapped securely but comfortably to the lambs' hindquarters.

"It's the same type of thing scientists do for animal nutrition studies where livestock are placed in a metabolism chamber for 24 to 72 hours to collect all the feces and urine and to control what the animal eats, " Turner says. "But we needed portable collection devices for animals on the run in a small pasture."—By Don Comis, Agricultural Research Service Information Staff.

Kenneth E. Turner is at the USDA-ARS Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center, 1224 Airport Rd., Beaver, WV 25813-9423; phone (304) 256-2843, fax (304) 256-2921.

"Diapers for On-the-Run Livestock" was published in the September 1999 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.